Nk’uko byatangajwe na SmarTech, uruganda rukora ubujyanama mu ikoranabuhanga, icyogajuru n’inganda ya kabiri mu nganda zitangwa n’inganda ziyongera (AM), zikurikira ubuvuzi.Nubwo bimeze bityo ariko, haracyari ikibazo cyo kutamenya ubushobozi bwo kongera ibikoresho byubutaka mu gukora byihuse ibikoresho byo mu kirere, kongera ubworoherane no gukoresha neza.AM irashobora gutanga ibice bikomeye bya ceramic byihuse kandi byoroheje kugabanya ibiciro byakazi, kugabanya inteko yintoki, no kunoza imikorere nigikorwa binyuze mubishushanyo mbonera byakozwe mugushushanya, bityo bikagabanya uburemere bwindege.Mubyongeyeho, inyongeramusaruro yubukorikori bwa ceramic itanga igenzura ryibice byarangiye kubintu bito bitarenze microne 100.
Ariko, ijambo ceramic rishobora guhuza imyumvire mibi yubugome.Mubyukuri, inyongeramusaruro-yakozwe nubutaka butanga ibice byoroheje, byiza hamwe nimbaraga nini zubaka, gukomera, no kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi.Ibigo bireba imbere birahindukira mubikoresho byo gukora ceramic, harimo nozzles na moteri, insulator zikoresha amashanyarazi hamwe na turbine.
Kurugero, alumina-yera cyane ifite ubukana bwinshi, kandi ifite imbaraga zo kurwanya ruswa hamwe nubushyuhe.Ibigize bikozwe muri alumina nabyo birinda amashanyarazi kubushyuhe bwo hejuru busanzwe muri sisitemu yo mu kirere.
Ubukorikori bushingiye kuri Zirconiya burashobora kuzuza ibisabwa byinshi hamwe nibikoresho bikenerwa cyane hamwe nubushakashatsi bukabije, nko kubumba ibyuma byo mu rwego rwo hejuru, kubumba no kubitwara.Ceramics ya silicon nitride ifite imbaraga nyinshi, gukomera kwinshi hamwe no guhangana nubushyuhe bukabije bwumuriro, hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwo kurwanya imiti yangirika kwangirika kwa acide zitandukanye, alkalis hamwe nicyuma gishongeshejwe.Nitride ya Silicon ikoreshwa kuri insulator, imashini, hamwe na antenne yubushyuhe bwo hejuru.
Ububiko bwibumba butanga imico myinshi yifuzwa.Ceramics ishingiye kuri silicon yongewemo na alumina na zircon byagaragaye ko ikora neza mugukora kristu imwe ya kristu ya turbine.Ni ukubera ko ceramic core yakozwe muri ibi bikoresho ifite ubushyuhe buke cyane bugera kuri 1.500 ° C, ubukana bwinshi, ubwiza bwubuso bwiza kandi bworoshye.Gucapura ibi bikoresho bishobora kubyara turbine ishobora kwihanganira ubushyuhe bwo hejuru kandi ikongera imikorere ya moteri.
Birazwi neza ko gutera inshinge cyangwa gutunganya ubukorikori bigoye cyane, kandi gutunganya bitanga uburyo buke kubintu bikorerwa.Ibiranga nkurukuta ruto nabyo biragoye gukora imashini.
Nyamara, Lithoz ikoresha lithographie ishingiye ku gukora ceramic (LCM) kugirango ikore ibice byuzuye bya 3D ceramic.
Guhera kuri moderi ya CAD, ibisobanuro birambuye byimurwa byimibare kuri printer ya 3D.Noneho shyira ifu ya ceramic yakozwe neza neza hejuru ya vatiri ibonerana.Ihuriro ryubwubatsi ryimukwa ryibizwa mucyondo hanyuma ugahitamo guhitamo urumuri rugaragara kuva hepfo.Ishusho ya layer yakozwe na digitale ya micro-mirror igikoresho (DMD) ifatanije na sisitemu ya projection.Mugusubiramo iyi nzira, igice cyicyatsi-cyibice bitatu gishobora kubyara ibice.Nyuma yubushyuhe nyuma yubushyuhe, binder ikurwaho kandi ibice byicyatsi bigacumurwa-bigahuzwa nuburyo bwihariye bwo gushyushya-kugirango bitange igice cyuzuye ceramique cyuzuye gifite imashini nziza kandi nziza.
Ikoranabuhanga rya LCM ritanga uburyo bushya, buhendutse kandi bwihuse bwo gushora imari mu bikoresho bya moteri ya turbine-kurenga ku nganda zihenze kandi zikora cyane zisabwa mu guterwa inshinge no guta ibishashara.
LCM irashobora kandi kugera kubishushanyo bidashobora kugerwaho nubundi buryo, mugihe ukoresheje ibikoresho bike cyane ugereranije nubundi buryo.
Nubwo bishoboka cyane mubikoresho byubutaka nubumenyi bwa LCM, haracyari icyuho hagati yabakora ibikoresho byumwimerere AM (OEM) nabashushanya ikirere.
Impamvu imwe irashobora kurwanya uburyo bushya bwo gukora munganda zifite umutekano muke nibisabwa ubuziranenge.Inganda zo mu kirere zisaba inzira nyinshi zo kugenzura no kuzuza ibisabwa, kimwe no kugerageza neza.
Indi mbogamizi ikubiyemo kwizera ko icapiro rya 3D rikwiriye gusa gukoreshwa rimwe gusa ryihuta, aho kuba ikintu cyose gishobora gukoreshwa mu kirere.Na none kandi, ibi ni ukutumva neza, kandi 3D yacapishijwe ceramic yibikoresho byagaragaye ko bizakoreshwa mubikorwa byinshi.
Urugero ni ugukora ibyuma bya turbine, aho inzira ya ceramic ya AM itanga intungamubiri imwe ya kirisiti (SX), hamwe no gukomera (DS) hamwe no guterana (EX) superalloy turbine.Ibice bifite imiterere yishami igoye, inkuta nyinshi hamwe nimpande zikurikira munsi ya 200 mm birashobora kubyara vuba kandi mubukungu, kandi ibice byanyuma bifite ibipimo bifatika kandi birangiye neza.
Gutezimbere itumanaho birashobora guhuza abashushanya icyogajuru hamwe na AM OEM kandi bakizera byimazeyo ibikoresho byubutaka byakozwe hakoreshejwe LCM nubundi buryo bwikoranabuhanga.Ikoranabuhanga n'ubuhanga birahari.Irakeneye guhindura uburyo bwo gutekereza kuva AM kuri R&D na prototyping, kandi ikabibona nkinzira igana imbere mubikorwa binini byubucuruzi.
Usibye uburezi, amasosiyete yo mu kirere ashobora kandi gushora igihe mubakozi, ubwubatsi, no kwipimisha.Ababikora bagomba kuba bamenyereye ibipimo nuburyo butandukanye bwo gusuzuma ububumbyi, ntabwo ari ibyuma.Kurugero, Lithoz ebyiri zingenzi za ASTM zububiko bwububiko ni ASTM C1161 yo kugerageza imbaraga na ASTM C1421 mugupima ubukana.Ibipimo ngenderwaho bikoreshwa mubutaka bwakozwe nuburyo bwose.Mu gukora ceramic yongeyeho, intambwe yo gucapa nuburyo bwo gukora gusa, kandi ibice bigenda byubwoko bumwe bwo gucumura nkibumba gakondo.Kubwibyo, microstructure yibice bya ceramic bizaba bisa cyane no gutunganya bisanzwe.
Dushingiye ku gukomeza gutera imbere kw'ibikoresho n'ikoranabuhanga, turashobora kuvuga twizeye ko abashushanya bazabona amakuru menshi.Ibikoresho bishya bya ceramic bizatezwa imbere kandi bikorwe ukurikije ibikenewe byubuhanga.Ibice bikozwe muri ceramika ya AM bizarangiza inzira yo gutanga ibyemezo byo gukoresha mu kirere.Kandi izatanga ibikoresho byiza byo gushushanya, nka software igezweho.
Mugukorana ninzobere mu bya tekinike ya LCM, amasosiyete yo mu kirere arashobora gutangiza uburyo bwa ceramic AM igihe cyo kugabanya igihe imbere, kugabanya ibiciro, no guha amahirwe yo guteza imbere umutungo bwite wubwenge.Hamwe no kureba kure no guteganya igihe kirekire, amasosiyete yo mu kirere ashora imari mu ikoranabuhanga ry’ubutaka arashobora kubona inyungu zikomeye mu nshingano zabo zose mu myaka icumi iri imbere na nyuma yaho.
Mugushiraho ubufatanye na AM Ceramics, abakora ibikoresho byumwimerere byo mu kirere bazakora ibice byahoze bitatekerezwa.
About the author: Shawn Allan is the vice president of additive manufacturing expert Lithoz. You can contact him at sallan@lithoz-america.com.
Shawn Allan azavuga ku ngorane zo kumenyekanisha neza ibyiza byo gukora inyongeramusaruro z’ibumba muri Ceramics Expo i Cleveland, muri Leta ya Ohio ku ya 1 Nzeri 2021.
Nubwo iterambere rya sisitemu yindege ya hypersonic yabayeho mumyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, ubu ryabaye ikintu cyambere cyibanze mu kurinda igihugu cy’Amerika, bituma uyu murima uhinduka mu iterambere ryihuse n’impinduka.Nkumwanya wihariye utandukanye, ikibazo ni ugushaka abahanga bafite ubumenyi bukenewe kugirango bateze imbere iterambere.Ariko, mugihe nta mpuguke zihagije, bitera icyuho cyo guhanga udushya, nko gushyira igishushanyo mbonera cyibikorwa (DFM) mbere mugice cya R&D, hanyuma ugahinduka icyuho cyo gukora mugihe cyatinze kugirango uhindure neza.
Ihuriro, nka kaminuza nshya yashizweho na Alliance Hypersonics (UCAH), itanga ibidukikije byingenzi byo guhinga impano zikenewe kugirango duteze imbere umurima.Abanyeshuri barashobora gukorana neza nabashakashatsi ba kaminuza ninzobere mu nganda kugirango bateze imbere ikoranabuhanga no guteza imbere ubushakashatsi bukomeye bwa hypersonic.
Nubwo UCAH hamwe nizindi ngabo zishinzwe kurinda umutekano zemereye abanyamuryango gukora imirimo itandukanye yubuhanga, hagomba gukorwa byinshi kugirango habeho impano zinyuranye kandi zifite uburambe, kuva mubishushanyo mbonera, iterambere ryibintu no guhitamo kugeza mumahugurwa akora.
Kugirango utange agaciro karambye murwego, ihuriro rya kaminuza rigomba gushyira imbere iterambere ryabakozi muguhuza ibikenewe ninganda, kwinjiza abanyamuryango mubushakashatsi bukwiye mu nganda, no gushora imari muri gahunda.
Iyo uhinduye tekinoroji ya hypersonic mumishinga minini yinganda zikora, icyuho gihari cyubwubatsi nogukora ubuhanga bwabakozi ni ikibazo gikomeye.Niba ubushakashatsi bwambere butarenze iki kibaya cyurupfu cyitondewe - ikinyuranyo hagati ya R&D ninganda, kandi imishinga myinshi ikomeye yarananiranye - noneho twabuze igisubizo kiboneye kandi gishoboka.
Inganda zikora muri Amerika zirashobora kwihutisha umuvuduko udasanzwe, ariko ibyago byo gusubira inyuma nukwagura ingano y abakozi kugirango bahuze.Kubera iyo mpamvu, guverinoma n’iterambere ry’amashuri makuru bigomba gufatanya n’abakora kugira ngo iyi gahunda ishyirwe mu bikorwa.
Inganda zahuye nubumenyi buke kuva mumahugurwa yinganda kugeza muri laboratoire yubuhanga-ibyo byuho bizagenda byiyongera uko isoko rya hypersonic ryiyongera.Ikoranabuhanga rishya risaba imbaraga zimirimo ivuka kugirango yongere ubumenyi murwego.
Imirimo ya Hypersonic ikubiyemo ibintu byinshi byingenzi byibikoresho bitandukanye, kandi buri gace gafite ibibazo byihariye bya tekiniki.Bakenera urwego rwo hejuru rwubumenyi burambuye, kandi niba ubumenyi bukenewe butabaho, ibi birashobora guteza inzitizi ziterambere niterambere.Niba tudafite abantu bahagije kugirango bakomeze akazi, ntibizashoboka kugendana nibisabwa kubyara umusaruro wihuse.
Kurugero, dukeneye abantu bashobora kubaka ibicuruzwa byanyuma.UCAH hamwe n’ibindi bihugu ni ngombwa mu guteza imbere inganda zigezweho no kwemeza ko abanyeshuri bashishikajwe n’uruhare rw’inganda barimo.Binyuze mu bikorwa bigamije guteza imbere abakozi imbaraga, inganda zizashobora gukomeza inyungu zo guhatanira muri gahunda yindege ya hypersonic mumyaka mike iri imbere.
Mu gushyiraho UCAH, Minisiteri y’Ingabo itanga amahirwe yo gukoresha uburyo bwibanze ku kubaka ubushobozi muri uru rwego.Abagize ihuriro bose bagomba gufatanya guhugura ubushobozi bwabanyeshuri kugirango tubashe kubaka no gukomeza umuvuduko wubushakashatsi no kwagura kugirango dutange ibisubizo igihugu cyacu gikeneye.
Ubu gufunga NASA Advanced Composites Alliance ni urugero rwimbaraga ziterambere ryabakozi.Imikorere yacyo nigisubizo cyo guhuza imirimo ya R&D ninyungu zinganda, zituma udushya twaguka muri ecosystem yiterambere.Abayobozi b'inganda bakoranye na NASA na kaminuza mu mishinga mu myaka ibiri cyangwa ine.Abanyamuryango bose bateje imbere ubumenyi nuburambe byumwuga, biga gufatanya mubidukikije bidahiganwa, kandi barera abanyeshuri ba kaminuza kugirango biteze imbere kugirango barere abakora inganda zikomeye mugihe kizaza.
Ubu bwoko bw'iterambere ry'abakozi bwuzuza icyuho mu nganda kandi butanga amahirwe ku bucuruzi buciriritse guhanga udushya no gutandukanya urwego kugira ngo habeho iterambere ryiyongera ku mutekano w’igihugu cya Amerika ndetse n’umutekano w’ubukungu.
Ihuriro rya kaminuza harimo na UCAH numutungo wingenzi murwego rwa hypersonic ninganda.Nubwo ubushakashatsi bwabo bwateje imbere udushya tugaragara, agaciro kabo gakomeye kari mubushobozi bwabo bwo guhugura ab'igihe kizaza cyabakozi.Ihuriro ubu rikeneye gushyira imbere ishoramari muri gahunda nkiyi.Kubikora, barashobora gufasha guteza imbere intsinzi ndende yo guhanga udushya.
About the author: Kim Caldwell leads Spirit AeroSystems’ R&D program as a senior manager of portfolio strategy and collaborative R&D. In her role, Caldwell also manages relationships with defense and government organizations, universities, and original equipment manufacturers to further develop strategic initiatives to develop technologies that drive growth. You can contact her at kimberly.a.caldwell@spiritaero.com.
Abakora ibicuruzwa bigoye, byakozwe cyane (nkibigize indege) biyemeje gutungana buri gihe.Nta mwanya wo kuyobora.
Kuberako umusaruro windege utoroshye cyane, abayikora bagomba gucunga neza inzira nziza, bakitondera cyane intambwe zose.Ibi bisaba gusobanukirwa byimbitse uburyo bwo gucunga no guhuza n’umusaruro ufite imbaraga, ubuziranenge, umutekano, hamwe n’ibibazo bitangwa mu gihe byujuje ibisabwa n’amabwiriza.
Kuberako ibintu byinshi bigira ingaruka kumitangire yibicuruzwa byujuje ubuziranenge, biragoye gucunga ibicuruzwa bigoye kandi bihinduka kenshi.Inzira yubuziranenge igomba kuba ifite imbaraga mubice byose byo kugenzura no gushushanya, gukora no kugerageza.Nkesha Inganda 4.0 hamwe nibisubizo bigezweho byo gukora, izi mbogamizi zoroheje zorohewe gucunga no gutsinda.
Imigenzo gakondo yibikorwa byindege yamye yibikoresho.Inkomoko yibibazo byinshi birashobora kuvunika kuvunika, kubora, umunaniro wibyuma, cyangwa izindi mpamvu.Nyamara, umusaruro windege uyumunsi urimo tekinoroji igezweho, yakozwe cyane ikoresha ibikoresho birwanya.Kurema ibicuruzwa bikoresha inzira zidasanzwe kandi zigoye hamwe na sisitemu ya elegitoroniki.Ibikorwa rusange byo gucunga software ibisubizo ntibishobora kuba bigishoboye gukemura ibibazo bikomeye cyane.
Ibice byinshi bigoye birashobora kugurwa murwego rwo gutanga isoko, bityo rero hagomba kwitabwaho cyane kubihuza mugikorwa cyose cyo guterana.Kutamenya neza bizana ibibazo bishya byo gutanga urunigi no gucunga neza.Kwemeza ubuziranenge bwibice byinshi nibicuruzwa byarangiye bisaba uburyo bwiza kandi bwuzuye.
Inganda 4.0 zerekana iterambere ryinganda zikora, kandi harakenewe ikoranabuhanga rigezweho kandi ryujuje ubuziranenge.Gushyigikira ikoranabuhanga ririmo interineti yinganda yibintu (IIoT), insanganyamatsiko ya digitale, ukuri kwagutse (AR), hamwe nisesengura risesuye.
Ubwiza 4.0 busobanura amakuru yatanzwe nuburyo bukoreshwa muburyo bwiza bwibicuruzwa, inzira, igenamigambi, kubahiriza n'ibipimo.Yubatswe aho gusimbuza uburyo bwiza bwa gakondo, ikoresheje tekinoroji nshya imwe nki bagenzi bayo binganda, harimo kwiga imashini, ibikoresho bihujwe, kubara ibicu, hamwe nimpanga ya digitale kugirango ihindure imikorere yumuryango kandi ikureho ibicuruzwa cyangwa inzira zishoboka.Kugaragara kwa Quality 4.0 byitezwe ko bizarushaho guhindura umuco wakazi mukwongera gushingira kumibare no gukoresha cyane ubuziranenge mubice byuburyo rusange bwo gukora ibicuruzwa.
Ubwiza 4.0 bukomatanya ibikorwa nibikorwa byubwiza (QA) kuva mugitangira kugeza icyiciro.Ibi birimo uburyo bwo gutekereza no gushushanya ibicuruzwa.Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe mu nganda byerekana ko amasoko menshi adafite uburyo bwo kohereza ibintu mu buryo bwikora.Igikorwa cyamaboko gisiga umwanya wamakosa, yaba ikosa ryimbere cyangwa kuvugana igishushanyo nimpinduka kumurongo.
Usibye gushushanya, Ubwiza 4.0 bukoresha kandi imashini-yiga imashini yiga kugabanya imyanda, kugabanya imirimo, no kunoza ibipimo byumusaruro.Mubyongeyeho, irakemura kandi ibibazo byimikorere yibicuruzwa nyuma yo gutanga, ikoresha ibitekerezo kumurongo kugirango ivugurure kure software yibicuruzwa, ikomeza kunyurwa nabakiriya, kandi amaherezo iremeza ubucuruzi bwongeye.Irimo kuba umufatanyabikorwa udasanzwe winganda 4.0.
Nyamara, ubuziranenge ntibukoreshwa gusa mubikorwa byatoranijwe.Kwishyira hamwe kwiza 4.0 birashobora gushiramo uburyo bwiza bwuzuye mumashyirahamwe yinganda, bigatuma imbaraga zo guhindura amakuru ari igice cyibitekerezo byibigo.Kubahiriza mu nzego zose z'umuryango bigira uruhare mu gushiraho umuco mwiza muri rusange.
Nta buryo bwo kubyaza umusaruro bushobora gukora neza mugihe 100%.Guhindura imiterere bikurura ibintu bitunguranye bisaba gukosorwa.Abafite uburambe mubyiza basobanukiwe ko byose bijyanye n'inzira yo kugana ku gutungana.Nigute ushobora kwemeza ko ubuziranenge bwinjijwe muburyo bwo kumenya ibibazo hakiri kare?Uzakora iki nubona inenge?Haba hari ibintu byo hanze bitera iki kibazo?Ni izihe mpinduka ushobora guhindura kuri gahunda yo kugenzura cyangwa uburyo bwo gukora ibizamini kugirango wirinde ko iki kibazo kitazongera kubaho?
Shiraho imitekerereze yuko buri musaruro ufite umusaruro ujyanye nibikorwa byiza.Tekereza ejo hazaza ahari umubano umwe-umwe kandi uhora upima ubuziranenge.Ntakibazo cyaba gitunguranye, ireme ryiza rirashobora kugerwaho.Buri kigo cyakazi gisubiramo ibipimo ngenderwaho nibikorwa byingenzi (KPIs) burimunsi kugirango hamenyekane aho byakosorwa mbere yuko ibibazo bibaho.
Muri ubu buryo bufunze-sisitemu, buri gikorwa cyo gukora gifite umwanzuro mwiza, utanga ibitekerezo kugirango uhagarike inzira, kwemerera inzira gukomeza, cyangwa gukora ibintu-byukuri.Sisitemu ntabwo ihindurwa numunaniro cyangwa ikosa ryabantu.Sisitemu yujuje ubuziranenge yagenewe gukora indege ni ngombwa kugirango igere ku rwego rwo hejuru, igabanye ibihe byizunguruka, kandi urebe ko yubahiriza ibipimo bya AS9100.
Imyaka icumi ishize, igitekerezo cyo kwibanda kuri QA mugushushanya ibicuruzwa, ubushakashatsi ku isoko, abatanga ibicuruzwa, serivisi zicuruzwa, cyangwa ibindi bintu bigira ingaruka ku kunyurwa kwabakiriya ntibyashoboka.Igishushanyo mbonera cyumvikana ko kiva mubuyobozi bukuru;ubuziranenge nibijyanye no gukora ibishushanyo kumurongo winteko, utitaye kubitagenda neza.
Uyu munsi, ibigo byinshi biratekereza uburyo bwo gukora ubucuruzi.Ibiriho muri 2018 ntibishobora kuba bitagishoboka.Ababikora benshi kandi bagenda barushaho kugira ubwenge.Ubumenyi bwinshi burahari, bivuze ubwenge bwiza bwo kubaka ibicuruzwa byiza mugihe cyambere, hamwe nibikorwa byiza kandi byiza.