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Imigenzo y'ububumbyi igaragaza imiterere y'imibereho y'abaturage mu mico ya kera, mu gihe ikwirakwizwa ry'ububumbyi mu isanzure ryerekana imiterere y'itumanaho n'imigendekere y'imikoranire. Ibikoresho n'ubumenyi bw'isi bikoreshwa hano kugira ngo hamenyekane aho ibikoresho fatizo bituruka, aho bivangwa n'aho bitunganywa. Ubwami bwa Kongo, buzwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga kuva mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya cumi na gatanu, ni kimwe mu bihugu byahoze ari abakoloni bizwi cyane muri Afurika yo Hagati. Nubwo ubushakashatsi bwinshi bw'amateka bushingiye ku nkuru zo mu magambo n'inyandiko zo muri Afurika no mu Burayi, haracyari icyuho kinini mu byo dusobanukiwe kuri iki gice cya politiki. Aha turatanga ibitekerezo bishya ku ikorwa n'ikwirakwizwa ry'ububumbyi mu Bwami bwa Kongo. Dukora uburyo bwinshi bwo gusesengura ku ngero zatoranijwe, ari zo XRD, TGA, isesengura rya petrografiya, XRF, VP-SEM-EDS na ICP-MS, twagennye imiterere yabyo ya petrografiya, mineralogiya na geochemical. Ibisubizo byacu bidufasha guhuza ibintu bya kera n'ibikoresho karemano no gushyiraho imigenzo ya ceramic. Twagaragaje ingero z'umusaruro, imiterere yo guhanahana, ikwirakwizwa n'imibanire y'ibicuruzwa byiza binyuze mu gukwirakwiza ubumenyi mu bya tekiniki. Ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwacu bigaragaza ko gushyira hamwe politiki mu karere ka Kongo yo hepfo muri Afurika yo hagati bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku musaruro n'ikwirakwizwa ry'ububumbyi. Twebwe twizeye ko ubushakashatsi bwacu buzatanga ishingiro ryiza ry’ubushakashatsi bushobora kugereranywa kugira ngo habeho imiterere y’aka gace.
Gukora no gukoresha ibikoresho by'ubudozi byabaye igikorwa cy'ingenzi mu mico myinshi, kandi imiterere yabyo mu mibereho na politiki byagize ingaruka zikomeye ku miterere y'umusaruro n'inzira yo gukora ibi bintu1,2. Muri uru rwego, ubushakashatsi ku budozi bushobora kongera ubumenyi bwacu ku miryango ya kera3,4. Dusuzumye ubudozi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo, dushobora guhuza imiterere yabwo n'imigenzo yihariye ya budozi n'uburyo bukurikira bwo gukora1,4,5.Nk'uko Matson6 yabivuze, hashingiwe ku bidukikije bya budozi, guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo bifitanye isano n'aho umutungo kamere uboneka.Byongeye kandi, hashingiwe ku bushakashatsi butandukanye bw'inkomoko y'abantu, Whitbread2 yerekeza ku 84% by'amahirwe yo guteza imbere umutungo kamere mu buso bwa kilometero 7 uvuye ku budozi, ugereranije n'amahirwe ya 80% mu buso bwa kilometero 3 muri Afurika7.Ariko, ni ngombwa kutirengagiza ko imiryango ikora ibikoresho ishingiye ku bintu bya tekiniki2,3. Amahitamo y'ikoranabuhanga ashobora gusuzumwa hakorwa ubushakashatsi ku isano iri hagati y'ibikoresho, tekiniki n'ubumenyi bwa tekiniki3,8,9.Ubwo buryo butandukanye bushobora gusobanura umuco runaka wa budozi.Kuri iyi ngingo, guhuza ubudozi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo mu bushakashatsi byagize uruhare cyane kugira ngo dusobanukirwe neza sosiyete za kera3,10,11,12. Gukoresha uburyo bwinshi bwo gusesengura bishobora gusubiza ibibazo ku byiciro byose bireba ibikorwa by'uruhererekane, nko guteza imbere umutungo kamere no guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo, kugura no gutunganya3,10,11,12.
Ubushakashatsi bwibanda ku Bwami bwa Kongo, imwe muri politiki zikomeye cyane zateye imbere muri Afurika yo Hagati. Mbere y'uko leta ya none ibaho, Afurika yo Hagati yari igizwe n'imiterere y'imibereho myiza na politiki irangwa n'itandukaniro rinini ry'umuco na politiki, hamwe n'imiterere kuva ku nzego ntoya kandi zicagaguye kugeza ku nzego zikomeye kandi zihujwe cyane za politiki13,14,15. Muri uru rwego rw'imibereho myiza na politiki, Ubwami bwa Kongo buvugwa ko bwashinzwe mu kinyejana cya 14 n'amashyirahamwe atatu ayishamikiyeho 16, 17. Mu gihe cyabwo gikomeye, bwakwirakwiriye agace gahwanye n'agace kari hagati y'inyanja ya Atalantika mu burengerazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (RDC) y'ubu n'uruzi rwa Cuango mu burasirazuba, ndetse n'agace ka Angola y'amajyaruguru y'ubu. Latitude ya Luanda. Yagize uruhare runini mu karere kagari mu gihe cy'ibihe bikomeye kandi yagize iterambere rigana ku buryo bugoye no gushyira hamwe kugeza ku myaka ya 14, 18, 19, 20, 21 y'ikinyejana cya cumi n'umunani. Ibyiciro rusange by'abaturage, ifaranga rusange, imisoro sisitemu, igabanywa ry’abakozi ryihariye, n’ubucuruzi bw’abacakara18, 19 bigaragaza icyitegererezo cya Earle cy’ubukungu bwa politiki22. Kuva yashingwa kugeza mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya 17, Ubwami bwa Kongo bwaragutse cyane, kandi kuva mu 1483 bwashinze umubano ukomeye n’Uburayi, muri ubwo buryo bwitabye Imana mu bucuruzi bwa Atalantika 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (birambuye Reba Inyongera ya 1) kugira ngo umenye amakuru y’amateka.
Uburyo bw'ibikoresho n'ubumenyi bw'isi byakoreshejwe ku bikoresho bya ceramic byakuwe ahantu hatatu hakorewe ubushakashatsi mu byataburuwe mu matongo mu Bwami bwa Kongo, aho hakozwe ubushakashatsi mu myaka icumi ishize, ari byo Mbanza Kongo muri Angola na Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (Ishusho ya 1) (reba Imbonerahamwe y'Inyongera ya 1). 2 mu makuru y’ubushakashatsi ku byataburuwe mu matongo). Mbanza Kongo, iherutse kwandikwa ku rutonde rw’umurage w’isi rwa UNESCO, iherereye mu ntara ya Mpemba y’ubutegetsi bwa kera. Iherereye ku kibaya cyo hagati aho inzira z’ubucuruzi zikomeye zihurira, yari umurwa mukuru wa politiki n’ubutegetsi bw’ubwami ndetse n’intebe y’ubwami bw’umwami yari yicaye. Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata biherereye mu ntara za Nsundi na Mbata, zishobora kuba zari zimwe mu bwami burindwi bwa Kongo dia Nlaza mbere y’uko ubwami bushyirwaho - bumwe mu butegetsi bwari buhuriweho28,29.Byombi byagize uruhare runini mu mateka y’ubwami17. Ahantu hacukuwe ubucukumbuzi bwa Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata haherereye mu kibaya cya Inkisi mu majyaruguru y’ubwami kandi ni hamwe mu turere twa mbere twigaruriwe n’abashinze ubwami. Mbanza Nsundi, umurwa mukuru w’intara ufite amatongo ya Jindoki, wagiye uyoborwa n’abasimbuye abami ba Kongo bakurikiyeho 17, 18, 30. Intara ya Mbata iherereye cyane cyane 31 mu burasirazuba bwa Uruzi rwa Inkisi. Abategetsi ba Mbata (ndetse no muri Soyo ku rugero runaka) bafite amahirwe yo kuba ari bo bonyine batowe mu banyacyubahiro bo mu gace runaka hakurikijwe izungura, ntabwo ari izindi ntara aho abategetsi bashyirwaho n'umuryango w'ibwami, bivuze ko bafite amafaranga menshi 18,26. Nubwo atari umurwa mukuru w'intara ya Mbata, Ngongo Mbata yagize uruhare runini nibura mu kinyejana cya 17. Bitewe n'umwanya wayo mu rwego rw'ingenzi mu bucuruzi, Ngongo Mbata yagize uruhare mu iterambere ry'intara nk'isoko ry'ingenzi ry'ubucuruzi16,17,18,26,31,32.
Ubwami bwa Kongo n'intara esheshatu zikomeye (Mpemba, Nsondi, Mbata, Soyo, Mbamba, Mpangu) mu kinyejana cya cumi na gatandatu n'icya cumi na karindwi. Ahantu hatatu havuzwe muri ubu bushakashatsi (Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata) hagaragara ku ikarita.
Kugeza mu myaka icumi ishize, ubumenyi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo ku Bwami bwa Kongo bwari buke33. Ibisobanuro byinshi ku mateka y'ubwami bishingiye ku migenzo gakondo n'inyandiko zanditswe zo muri Afurika no mu Burayi16,17. Urukurikirane rw'ibihe mu karere ka Kongo ruratandukanye kandi ntirurangiye bitewe n'uko nta bushakashatsi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo bukorwa kuri gahunda34. Ubucukuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo kuva mu 2011 bwagamije kuzuza ibyo cyuho kandi bwavumbuye imiterere y'ingenzi, imiterere n'ibintu bigezweho. Muri ibyo bivumburwa, nta gushidikanya ko ibibumbano ari byo by'ingenzi cyane29,30,31,32,35,36. Ku bijyanye n'igihe cy'icyuma muri Afurika yo hagati, imishinga y'ibyataburuwe mu matongo nk'iyi isanzwe iboneka gake cyane37,38.
Turagaragaza ibyavuye mu isesengura ry’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro, imiterere y’isi n’ibikomoka kuri peteroli ku bice bitatu by’ubucukuzi byakuwe mu Bwami bwa Kongo (reba amakuru y’ubushakashatsi mu by’amateka y’ibiza mu nyandiko y’inyongera 2). Ingero zari iz’ubwoko bune bw’ubucukuzi (Ishusho ya 2), bumwe mu bwoko bwa Jindoji Formation na butatu mu bwoko bwa King Kong Formation 30, 31, 35. Itsinda rya Kindoki ritangira mu gihe cy’Ubwami bwa mbere (ikinyejana cya 14 kugeza hagati mu kinyejana cya 15). Mu bice byavuzwe muri ubu bushakashatsi, Kindoki (n = 31) niho honyine hagaragaye amatsinda ya Kindoki30,35. Ubwoko butatu bw’amatsinda ya Kongo - Ubwoko A, Ubwoko C, n’ubwoko D - bwatangiye mu bwami bwa nyuma (ikinyejana cya 16-18) kandi buriho icyarimwe mu bice bitatu by’ubushakashatsi bivugwa hano30, 31, 35. Amasafuriya yo mu bwoko bwa Kongo C ni inkono zo guteka ziboneka ahantu hose uko ari hatatu35. Isafuriya yo mu bwoko bwa Kongo A ishobora gukoreshwa nk’isafuriya yo gutanga, igaragazwa n’ibice bike gusa 30, 31, 35. Ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa Kongo D bigomba gukoreshwa mu ngo gusa - kuko bitarigeze biboneka mu bishyimbo kugeza ubu - kandi bifitanye isano n'itsinda ry'abantu bakomeye30,31,35. Ibice byabyo nabyo bigaragara mu mibare mito gusa. Ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa A na D byagaragaje imiterere isa ku duce twa Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata30,31. Muri Ngongo Mbata, kugeza ubu, hari ibice 37,013 byo mu bwoko bwa Kongo C, muri byo hari ibice 193 byo mu bwoko bwa Kongo A n'ibice 168 byo mu bwoko bwa Kongo D31.
Ibishushanyo by'ubwoko bune bw'amatsinda y'ibibumbano bya Congo Kingdom byavuzwe muri ubu bushakashatsi (Kindoki Group na Kongo Group: Ubwoko A, C, na D); ishusho igaragaza uko byagiye bigaragara kuri buri gace k'ubushakashatsi bwa kera ka Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata.
Isesengura rya X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Isesengura rya Thermogravimetric (TGA), Isesengura rya Petrographic, Mikroskopi ya Electron Scanning Variable Pressure Microscopy hamwe na Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) na Inductively Coupled Plasma Coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) byakoreshejwe mu gusubiza ibibazo bijyanye n'amasoko ashobora guturukamo ibikoresho fatizo n'uburyo bwo kubitunganya. Intego yacu ni ukumenya imigenzo ya ceramic no kuyihuza n'uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwo kubitunganya, bityo tugatanga igitekerezo gishya ku miterere y'imibereho y'imwe mu nzego za politiki zikomeye muri Afurika yo Hagati.
Ikibazo cy'Ubwami bwa Kongo kigoye cyane ku bushakashatsi bw'inkomoko bitewe n'ubutandukanye n'umwihariko w'imiterere y'ubutaka bw'aho hantu (Ishusho ya 3). Ubumenyi bw'ubutaka bw'akarere bushobora kugaragazwa no kuba hari ibice by'ubutaka by'ubutaka bidafite ireme bivamo ibice by'ubutaka bizwi nka Western Congo Supergroup. Mu buryo bwo kuva hasi ujya hejuru, uruhererekane rutangirana n'imiterere ya quartzite-claystone ihinduka mu buryo bw'imivuduko muri Sansikwa Formation, hagakurikiraho Haut Shiloango Formation, irangwa no kuba hari stromatolite carbonates, kandi muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, uturemangingo tw'isi twa silica Diatomaceous twagaragaye hafi y'itsinda. Itsinda rya Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire ni itsinda rya carbonate-argillite rifite mineralization ya Cu-Pb-Zn. Iri tsinda ry'ubutaka rigaragaza inzira idasanzwe binyuze mu kwagura ibumba rya magnesia cyangwa guhindura gato dolomite ikora talc. Ibi bituma habaho amasoko ya calcium na talc. Iri tsinda rigizwe na Precambrian Schisto-Greseux Group igizwe na ibitanda bitukura by'umucanga-argillaceous.
Ikarita y’ubutaka y’agace k’ubushakashatsi. Ahantu hatatu hakorewe ubushakashatsi bw’amateka hagaragara ku ikarita (Mbanza Congo, Jindoki na Ngongombata). Uruziga rukikije aho hantu rugaragaza uburebure bwa kilometero 7, bihuye n’ubushobozi bwo gukoresha isoko bwa 84% 2. Iyi karita yerekeza kuri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo na Angola, kandi imipaka iragaragazwa. Amakarita y’ubutaka (imiterere y’ibishushanyo mbonera mu Nyongera ya 11) yakozwe muri porogaramu ya ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 (urubuga: https://www.arcgis.com/), yerekeza kuri Angolan41 na Congolese42,65 Amakarita y’ubutaka (amadosiye ya raster), hakoreshejwe uburyo butandukanye bwo kwandika.
Hejuru y’aho ibintu bitagira aho bigarukira, ibice bya Cretaceous bigizwe n’amabuye y’agaciro yo ku mugabane nk’amabuye y’umucanga n’ibumba. Hafi aho, iyi miterere y’ubutaka izwi nk’isoko y’inyuma y’isukari ya diyama nyuma yo gukurwaho n’imiyoboro ya kimberlite ya Cretaceous ya mbere41,42. Nta yandi mabuye y’agaciro kandi akomeye yagaragaye muri aka gace.
Agace gakikije Mbanza Kongo karangwa no kuba hari ibisigazwa bya kera n'ibinyabutabire ku butaka bwa Precambrian, cyane cyane limestone na dolomite bivuye mu miterere ya Schisto-Calcaire n'imiterere ya slate, quartzite na ashwag bivuye mu miterere ya Haut Shiloango41. Igice cy'ubutaka cyegereye ahantu hacukumbuye Jindoji ni Holocene alluvial sedimentary rock na limestone, slate na chert bitwikiriwe na feldspar quartzite byo mu itsinda rya Precambrian Schisto-Greseux. Ngongo Mbata iherereye mu gace gato k'urutare rwa Schisto-Greseux hagati y'itsinda rya kera rya Schisto-Calcaire n'ibuye ry'umusenyi ritukura rya Cretaceous riri hafi aho42. Byongeye kandi, isoko rya Kimberlite ryitwa Kimpangu ryavuzwe mu nkengero za Ngongo Mbata hafi ya craton mu karere ka Lower Congo.
Ibisubizo by'ingano y'ibice by'ingenzi by'ubutare byabonetse na XRD bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1, kandi imiterere ya XRD igaragara ku Ishusho ya 4. Quartz (SiO2) ni cyo gice cy'ingenzi cy'ubutare, gifitanye isano ihoraho na potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) na mica.[Urugero, KAl2(Si3Al)O12(OH)2], na/cyangwa talc [Mg3Si4O10(OH)2]. Imyunyungugu ya plagioclase [XAl(1–2)Si(3–2)O8, X = Na cyangwa Ca] (ni ukuvuga sodium na/cyangwa anorthite) na amphibole [(X)(0–3)[(Z )(5– 7)(Si, Al)8O22(O,OH,F)2, X = Ca2+, Na+, K+, Z = Mg2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Al, Ti] ni ibice bifitanye isano, Akenshi hari mica. Amphibole akenshi iba idafite talc.
Imiterere ya XRD ihagarariye ibibumbano bya Kongo Kingdom, ishingiye ku byiciro bikomeye bya kristu, bihuye n'amatsinda y'ubwoko: (i) ibice bikungahaye kuri talc byabonetse mu itsinda rya Kindoki na Kongo Type C, (ii) talc ikungahaye kuri talc yabonetse mu byiciro birimo Quartz Kindoki Group na Kongo Type C, (iii) ibice bikungahaye kuri feldspar mu byiciro bya Kongo Type A na Kongo D, (iv) ibice bikungahaye kuri mica mu byiciro bya Kongo Type A na Kongo D, (v) Ibice bikungahaye kuri amphibole byabonetse mu byiciro bya Kongo Type A na Kongo Type DQ quartz, Pl plagioclase, cyangwa potassium feldspar, Am amphibole, Mca mica, Tlc talc, Vrm vermiculite.
Ishusho ya XRD idashobora gutandukana ya talc Mg3Si4O10 (OH)2 na pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10 (OH)2 bisaba ubuhanga bwuzuzanya kugira ngo hamenyekane ko zihari, ko zitahari cyangwa ko zishobora kubaho. TGA yakozwe ku ngero eshatu zihagarariye (MBK_S.14, KDK_S.13 na KDK_S.20). Imirongo ya TG (Inyongera ya 3) yari ijyanye n'uko talc mineral phase ihari ndetse no kubura pyrophyllite. Kugabanuka kwa hydroxylation no gusenyuka kw'imiterere byagaragaye hagati ya 850 na 1000 °C bihuye na talc. Nta gutakaza uburemere kwagaragaye hagati ya 650 na 850 °C, bigaragaza ko pyrophyllite ihari44.
Nk'icyiciro gito, vermiculite [(Mg, Fe+2, Fe+3)3[(Al, Si)4O10](OH)2 4H2O], igenwa n'isesengura ry'ibice by'ibipimo by'ibipimo, iboneka kuri 16-7 Å, iboneka cyane cyane mu byiciro bya Kindoki Group na Kongo Group Type A.
Ingero zo mu bwoko bwa Kindoki Group zakuwe mu gace kagutse gakikije Kindoki zagaragaje ibigize imyunyu ngugu birangwa no kuba hari talc, ubwinshi bwa quartz na mica, hamwe no kuba hari potassium feldspar.
Imiterere y'imyunyu ngugu y'ibice bya Kongo Type A irangwa no kuba hari umubare munini w'ibice bya quartz-mica mu bipimo bitandukanye ndetse no kuba hari potassium feldspar, plagioclase, amphibole, na mica. Ubwinshi bwa amphibole na feldspar ni byo bigaragaza iri tsinda ry'ubwoko, cyane cyane mu bice bya Kongo-type A muri Jindoki na Ngongombata.
Ingero za Kongo Type C zigaragaza imiterere itandukanye y'amabuye y'agaciro mu itsinda ry'ubwoko bw'amabuye y'agaciro, ibyo bikaba bishingiye cyane ku hantu hakorewe ubushakashatsi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo. Ingero za Ngongo Mbata zikungahaye kuri quartz kandi zigaragaza imiterere ihoraho. Quartz ni nayo igaragara cyane mu ngero za Kongo C zo muri Mbanza Kongo na Kindoki, ariko muri ibi bihe zimwe na zimwe ziba zikungahaye kuri talc na mica.
Ubwoko bwa Kongo D bufite imiterere yihariye y'amabuye y'agaciro mu bice bitatu byose bya kera. Feldspar, cyane cyane plagioclase, iboneka cyane muri ubwo bwoko bw'ibumba. Amphibole ikunze kuboneka mu bwinshi. Igereranya quartz na mica. Ingano iratandukanye hagati y'ingero. Talc yabonetse mu bice bikungahaye kuri amphibole byo mu bwoko bwa Mbanza Kongo.
Imyunyu ngugu y'ingenzi irangwa n'ubushyuhe yagaragajwe n'isesengura rya petrographic ni quartz, feldspar, mica na amphibole. Ibiri mu mabuye bigizwe n'ibice by'amabuye ya metamorphic, igneous na sedimentary. Amakuru y'imyenda yabonetse hakoreshejwe imbonerahamwe ya Orton45 yerekana imiterere y'ubutaka kuva ku bubi kugera ku bwiza, aho igipimo cya state matrix kuva kuri 5% kugeza kuri 50%. Ingano z'ubushyuhe ziva ku mpande kugeza ku mpande nta cyerekezo cy'umwihariko.
Amatsinda atanu ya lithofacies (PGa, PGb, PGc, PGd, na PGe) aratandukanye hashingiwe ku mpinduka z’imiterere n’ibikomoka kuri mineraloji. Itsinda rya PGa: matrix yoroshye (5-10%), matrix nziza, hamwe n’amabuye manini ahinduka mu miterere y’amabuye (Ishusho ya 5a); Itsinda rya PGb: igice kinini cya matrix yoroshye (20%-30%), matrix yoroshye Gutondekanya umuriro ni bibi, uduce dushyushye dufite inguni, kandi amabuye yo hagati n’ayo hejuru afite imiterere myinshi ya silicate, mica n’amabuye manini (Ishusho ya 5b); Itsinda rya PGc: igice kinini cya matrix yoroshye (20-40%), gutondekanya neza cyane, uduce duto kugeza ku duto cyane, uduce twinshi twa quartz, ahantu hatandukanye (c mu Ishusho ya 5); Itsinda rya PGd: igipimo gito Matrix yoroshye (5-20​​​​%), hamwe n’uduce duto dushyushye, uduce duto tw’amabuye, gutondekanya nabi, n’imiterere myiza ya matrix (d mu Ishusho ya 5); n'itsinda rya PGe: igipimo kinini cya matrix ishyushye (40-50%), gutondekanya neza cyane ubushyuhe, ingano ebyiri z'ibinyampeke bishyushye n'imiterere itandukanye y'amabuye y'agaciro mu bijyanye no gukonjesha (Ishusho ya 5, e). Ishusho ya 5 igaragaza mikorogarafi y'amatara yerekana itsinda rya petrogarafi. Inyigo z'amatara ku ngero zatumye habaho isano ikomeye hagati yo gushyira ubwoko mu byiciro n'amataragarafi, cyane cyane mu ngero za Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata (reba Inyongera ya 4 ku ngerogarafi z'amataragarafi zose z'icyitegererezo).
Imikorografi y’ishusho yerekana ibice by’ibumba bya Kongo Kingdom; isano iri hagati y’amatsinda ya petrografi n’ay’imyandikire. (a) Itsinda rya PGa, (b) Itsinda rya PGB, (c) Itsinda rya PGc, (d) Itsinda rya PGd na (e) Itsinda rya PGe.
Icyitegererezo cya Kindoki Formation kirimo imiterere y'amabuye yasobanuwe neza ajyanye n'imiterere ya PGa. Ingero z'ubwoko bwa Kongo A zifitanye isano cyane n'imiterere ya PGb, usibye icyitegererezo cya Kongo A NBC_S.4 Kongo-A yo muri Ngongo Mbata, ifitanye isano n'itsinda rya PGe mu buryo bukurikiranye. Ingero nyinshi z'ubwoko bwa Kongo C zo muri Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata, n'ingero za Kongo C zo muri MBK_S.21 na MBK_S.23 zo muri Mbanza Kongo zari iz'itsinda rya PGc. Ariko, ingero nyinshi za Kongo Type C zigaragaza imiterere y'izindi lithofacies. Ingero za Kongo C zo muri MBK_S.17 na NBC_S.13 zigaragaza imiterere ijyanye n'amatsinda ya PGe. Ingero za Kongo C zo muri MBK_S.3, MBK_S.12 na MBK_S.14 zigize itsinda rimwe rya lithofacies PGd, mu gihe ingero za Kongo C zo muri KDK_S.19, KDK_S.20 na KDK_S.25 bifite imiterere isa n'iy'itsinda rya PGb. Icyitegererezo cya Kongo Type C MBK_S.14 gishobora gufatwa nk'ikidasanzwe bitewe n'imiterere yacyo ifite imyenge. Ingero hafi ya zose z'ubwoko bwa Kongo D zifitanye isano na lithofacies za PGe, usibye ingero za Kongo D MBK_S.7 na MBK_S.15 zo muri Mbanza Kongo, zigaragaza ibinyampeke binini kandi bifite ubucucike buke (30%), hafi y'itsinda rya PGc.
Ingero zo mu duce dutatu tw’ubushakashatsi bwa kera zasesenguwe na VP-SEM-EDS kugira ngo hagaragazwe uburyo ibintu bikwirakwira mu buryo bw’ibanze no kugira ngo hamenyekane imiterere y’ibinyampeke byiganjemo ibinyampeke byihariye. Amakuru ya EDS yemerera kumenya quartz, feldspar, amphibole, oxides z’icyuma (hematite), oxydes za titanium (urugero: rutile), oxydes z’icyuma za titanium (ilmenite), zirconium silicates (zircon) na perovskite neosilicates (garnet). Silika, aluminiyumu, potasiyumu, kalisiyumu, sodium, titanium, icyuma na manyeziyumu ni byo bintu bikunze kugaragara muri matrix. Ingano ya manyeziyumu nyinshi mu duce twa Kindoki Formation na Kongo A ishobora gusobanurwa no kuba hari imyunyu ngugu ya talc cyangwa manyeziyumu. Dukurikije isesengura ry’ibinyampeke, ibinyampeke bya feldspar ahanini bihuye na potassium feldspar, albite, oligoclase, rimwe na rimwe na labradorite na anorthite (Inyongera ya 5, Ishusho ya S8–S10), mu gihe ibinyampeke bya amphibole ari tremolite Stone, actinite, mu gihe Kongo Type A Urugero rwa NBC_S.3, ibuye ry'amababi atukura. Itandukaniro rigaragara rigaragara mu miterere ya amphibole (Ishusho ya 6) mu bwoko bwa Kongo A (tremolite) na Kongo D-type ceramics (actinite). Byongeye kandi, mu bice bitatu bya kera, ibinyampeke bya ilmenite byari bifitanye isano rya hafi n'ibinyampeke bya D-type. Ingano nyinshi ya manganese iboneka mu binyampeke bya ilmenite. Ariko, ibi ntibyahinduye uburyo bwabo bwo gusimbuza icyuma-titanium (Fe-Ti) (reba Inyongera ya 5, Ishusho ya S11).
Amakuru ya VP-SEM-EDS. Ishusho y'igice cy'inyuma yerekana imiterere itandukanye ya amphibole hagati y'ibigega bya Kongo Type A na Kongo D ku bipimo byatoranijwe muri Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK), na Ngongo Mbata (NBC); ibimenyetso byashyizwe mu matsinda y'ubwoko.
Dukurikije ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwa XRD, quartz na potassium feldspar ni imyunyu ngugu y'ingenzi mu bipimo bya Kongo byo mu bwoko bwa C, mu gihe kuba hari quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, anorthite na tremolite ari byo biranga ingero za Kongo zo mu bwoko bwa A. Ingero za Kongo zo mu bwoko bwa D zigaragaza ko quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, oligofeldspar, ilmenite na actinite ari byo bigize imyunyu ngugu y'ingenzi. Ingero za Kongo zo mu bwoko bwa A NBC_S.3 zishobora gufatwa nk'izidasanzwe kuko plagioclase yayo ari labradorite, amphibole ni orthopamphibole, kandi kuba hari ilmenite byaranditswe. Ingero za Kongo zo mu bwoko bwa C NBC_S.14 zirimo kandi ibinyampeke bya ilmenite (Inyongera ya 5, Ishusho S12–S15).
Isesengura rya XRF ryakozwe ku ngero zigaragara zavuye ahantu hatatu hacukumbuye ibintu kugira ngo hamenyekane amatsinda y’ingenzi y’ibintu. Ibigize ibintu by’ingenzi byagaragajwe mu mbonerahamwe ya 2. Ingero zasesenguwe zagaragaye ko zikungahaye kuri silica na alumina, aho ingano ya calcium oxide iri munsi ya 6%. Ingano nyinshi ya magnesium iterwa no kuba hari talc, ifitanye isano ritandukanye na oxyde za silicon na aluminium oxide. Ingano nyinshi ya sodium oxide na calcium oxide ihura n’ubwinshi bwa plagioclase.
Ingero za Kindoki Group zakuwe mu gace ka Kindoki zagaragaje ko magnesium ikunzwe cyane (8-10%) bitewe n’uko talc ihari. Igipimo cya potassium oxyde muri iri tsinda cyari hagati ya 1.5 na 2.5%, naho ubwinshi bwa sodium (< 0.2%) na calcium oxyde (< 0.4%) bwari buke.
Ingano nini ya okiside y'icyuma (7.5–9%) ni ikintu gikunze kugaragara mu nkono zo mu bwoko bwa Kongo A. Ingero za Kongo zo mu bwoko bwa A za Mbanza Kongo na Kindoki zagaragaje ingano nini ya potasiyumu (3.5–4.5%). Ingano nini ya okiside ya manyeziyumu (3–5%) itandukanya icyitegererezo cya Ngongo Mbata n'izindi ngero zo mu bwoko bumwe. Icyitegererezo cya Kongo cyo mu bwoko bwa A NBC_S.4 kigaragaza ingano nini cyane ya okiside y'icyuma, ifitanye isano no kuba hari ibice bya amphibole. Icyitegererezo cya Kongo cyo mu bwoko bwa A NBC_S.3 cyagaragaje ingano nini ya manganese (1.25%).
Silika (60-70%) ni yo yiganje mu bigize icyitegererezo cya Kongo C, gishingiye ku gipimo cya quartz cyagenwe na XRD na petrography. Ibigize sodiyumu nkeya (< 0.5%) na kalisiyumu (0.2–0.6%) byagaragaye. Ingano nyinshi ya magnesium oxyde (13.9 na 20.7%, uko bikurikirana) na oxide y'icyuma nkeya mu bipimo bya MBK_S.14 na KDK_S.20 bihuye n'imyunyu ngugu myinshi ya talc. Ingero za MBK_S.9 na KDK_S.19 zo muri iri tsinda zagaragaje igipimo gito cya silica n'igipimo kinini cya sodiyumu, manyeziyumu, kalisiyumu na oxyde y'icyuma. Ingano nini ya titanium dioxide (1.5%) itandukanya icyitegererezo cya Kongo Type C MBK_S.9.
Itandukaniro mu miterere y’ibintu bigaragaza ingero za Kongo Type D, bigaragaza ingano nto ya silica n’ingano nini ya sodium (1-5%), calcium (1-5%), na potassium oxide iri hagati ya 44% na 63% (1-5%) bitewe n’uko feldspar ihari. Byongeye kandi, ingano nini ya titanium dioxide (1-3.5%) yagaragaye muri ubu bwoko bw’itsinda. Ingano nini ya oxide y’icyuma iri mu ngero za Kongo D MBK_S.15, MBK_S.19 na NBC_S.23 ifitanye isano n’ingano nini ya oxide ya magnesium, ijyanye n’ubwiganze bwa amphibole. Ingano nini ya oxide ya manganese yabonetse mu ngero zose za Kongo D.
Amakuru y'ingenzi y'ibice by'ingenzi yagaragaje isano iri hagati ya kalisiyumu na okiside z'icyuma mu bigega bya Kongo byo mu bwoko bwa A na D, byajyanaga no kwiyongera kwa okiside ya sodiyumu. Ku bijyanye n'imiterere y'ibice by'ingenzi (Inyongera ya 6, Imbonerahamwe S1), ingero nyinshi z'ibice bya Kongo byo mu bwoko bwa D zikungahaye kuri zirconium hamwe n'isano iri hagati na strontium. Igishushanyo cya Rb-Sr (Ishusho ya 7) kigaragaza isano iri hagati y'ibigega bya strontium na Kongo byo mu bwoko bwa D, hamwe n'ibigega bya rubidium na Kongo byo mu bwoko bwa Kongo. Ibigega byombi bya Kindoki Group na Kongo byo mu bwoko bwa C byabuzemo ibintu byombi. (Reba kandi Inyongera ya 6, Ishusho S16-S19).
Amakuru ya XRF. Igishushanyo mbonera cya Scatter Rb-Sr, ingero zatoranijwe mu nkono za Congo Kingdom, zashyizwe mu mabara hakurikijwe ubwoko bw'ubwoko. Imbonerahamwe igaragaza isano iri hagati y'ikigega cya Kongo D na strontium ndetse n'ikigega cya Kongo A na rubidium.
Icyitegererezo cy’icyitegererezo cyavuye muri Mbanza Kongo cyasesenguwe na ICP-MS kugira ngo hamenyekane imiterere y’ibintu bifatika n’ibice bifatika, kandi hamenyekane uko REE ikwirakwizwa hagati y’amatsinda y’ubwoko. Ibintu bifatika n’ibifatika byasobanuwe cyane mu mugereka wa 7, Imbonerahamwe ya S2. Ingero z’ubwoko bwa Kongo A n’ingero z’ubwoko bwa Kongo D MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, na MBK_S.25 bikungahaye kuri thorium. Amacupa yo mu bwoko bwa Kongo A agaragaza ibipimo byinshi bya zinc kandi akungahaye kuri rubidium, mu gihe amacupa yo mu bwoko bwa Kongo D agaragaza ibipimo byinshi bya strontium, byemeza ibyavuye muri XRF (Inyongera ya 7, Ishusho S21–S23). Igishushanyo cya La/Yb-Sm/Yb kigaragaza isano kandi kigaragaza ingano nyinshi ya lanthanum mu gishushanyo cya Kongo D-tank (Ishusho ya 8).
Amakuru ya ICP-MS. Igishushanyo mbonera cya La/Yb-Sm/Yb, ingero zatoranijwe zo mu kibaya cya Kongo Kingdom, zashyizwe mu mabara hakurikijwe ubwoko bw'ubwoko. Urugero rwa Kongo Type C MBK_S.14 ntirugaragara ku ishusho.
REEs zahinduwe na NASC47 zigaragazwa mu buryo bw'uduce tw'ibitagangurirwa (Ishusho ya 9). Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko hari ubwiyongere bw'ibintu by'ubutaka budakunze kuboneka (LREEs), cyane cyane mu bigega bya Kongo A-type na D-type tanks. Kongo Type C yagaragaje itandukaniro riri hejuru. Europium anomaly nziza ni yo iranga Kongo D, naho cerium anomaly nyinshi ni yo iranga Kongo A.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twasuzumye urutonde rw'ibibumbano byakuwe mu bice bitatu bya kera byo muri Afurika yo Hagati bifitanye isano n'Ubwami bwa Kongo bigizwe n'amatsinda atandukanye y'ubwoko, ari yo Jindoki na Kongo. Itsinda rya Jinduomu rihagarariye igihe cya mbere (igihe cya mbere cy'ubwami) kandi riboneka gusa ahantu ha kera ho muri Jinduomu. Itsinda rya Kongo—ubwoko bwa A, C, na D—riboneka mu bice bitatu bya kera icyarimwe. Amateka y'itsinda rya King Kong ashobora gukurikirwa no mu gihe cy'ubwami. Rigaragaza igihe cyo guhuza n'Uburayi no guhanahana ibicuruzwa imbere no hanze y'Ubwami bwa Kongo, nk'uko byahoze mu binyejana byinshi. Ibikumwe by'inyuguti n'imiterere y'amabuye byabonetse hakoreshejwe uburyo bwinshi bwo gusesengura. Ni ubwa mbere Afurika yo Hagati ikoresha ayo masezerano.
Ibimenyetso by'urutoki bya Kindoki Group bigaragaza imiterere n'imiterere y'amabuye bigaragaza ko hari ibicuruzwa byihariye bya Kindoki. Itsinda rya Kindoki rishobora kuba rifitanye isano n'igihe Nsondi yari intara yigenga ya Seven Congo dia Nlaza28,29. Kuba hariho talc na vermiculite (ibikomoka ku bushyuhe buke bwa talc) muri Jinduoji Group bigaragaza ko hakoreshwa ibikoresho fatizo byo mu gace, kuko talc iboneka mu ishusho y'ubutaka bw'ahantu ha Jinduoji, muri Schisto-Calcaire Formation 39,40. Imiterere y'ubu bwoko bw'inkono igaragara mu isesengura ry'imiterere igaragaza ko hari ibikoresho fatizo bitagezweho.
Inkono zo mu bwoko bwa Kongo A zagaragaje itandukaniro ry’imiterere yazo mu nyubako no hagati yazo. Mbanza Kongo na Kindoki zikungahaye kuri potasiyumu na kalisiyumu, mu gihe Ngongo Mbata zikungahaye kuri manyeziyumu. Ariko, hari ibintu bimwe na bimwe bikunze kugaragara bizitandukanya n’andi matsinda y’ubwoko. Zirahuza cyane mu mwenda, zigaragazwa n’umusemburo wa mica. Bitandukanye na Kongo yo mu bwoko bwa C, zigaragaza ingano nyinshi ya feldspar, amphibole na oxide y’icyuma. Ingano nyinshi ya mica n’uko tremolite amphibole iboneka birazitandukanya n’ubwoko bwa Kongo D, aho actinolite amphibole iboneka.
Kongo Type C igaragaza kandi impinduka mu bijyanye n'ubutare n'imiterere y'ibinyabutabire ndetse n'imiterere y'imyenda y'ahantu hatatu hacukumbuye ibintu bya kera ndetse no hagati yabyo. Iri tandukaniro riterwa no gukoresha ibikoresho fatizo byabonetse hafi ya buri hantu hakorerwaga umusaruro/ikoreshwa. Ariko, imiterere isa yagezweho hiyongereyeho impinduka mu bya tekiniki byo mu gace.
Ubwoko bwa Kongo D bufitanye isano rya hafi n’ubwinshi bwa okiside za titaniyumu, bikomoka ku kuba hari imyunyu ngugu ya ilmenite (Inyongera ya 6, Ishusho ya S20). Ingano nyinshi ya manganese mu binyampeke bya ilmenite byasesenguwe ibishyira hamwe na ilmenite ya manganese (Ishusho ya 10), imiterere yihariye ijyanye n’imiterere ya kimberlite48,49. Kuba hari amabuye y’umugabane wa Cretaceous—isoko y’ibisigazwa bya diyama bya kabiri nyuma yo kwangirika kw’imiyoboro ya kimberlite ya mbere ya Cretaceous42—n’umurima wa Kimberlite wa Kimberlite wavuzwe muri Kongo y’Epfo43 bigaragaza ko agace kagari ka Ngongo Mbata gashobora kuba ari ko Kongo (DRC) Isoko y’ibikoresho fatizo byo gukora ibumba ryo mu bwoko bwa D. Ibi bishyigikiwe kandi no kubona ilmenite mu gipimo kimwe cya Kongo Type A n’igipimo kimwe cya Kongo Type C ku gace ka Ngongo Mbata.
Amakuru ya VP-SEM-EDS. Igishushanyo mbonera cya MgO-MnO, ingero zatoranijwe muri Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK) na Ngongo Mbata (NBC) hamwe n'ibinyampeke bya ilmenite byagaragaye, bigaragaza ferromanganese ya manganese-titanium ishingiye ku bushakashatsi bwa Kaminsky na Belousova bwa Mine (Mn-ilmenites).
Utumenyetso twiza twa Europium twagaragaye mu buryo bwa REE bw'ikigega cya Kongo D (reba Ishusho ya 9), cyane cyane mu bipimo bifite ibinyampeke bya ilmenite byagaragaye (urugero, MBK_S.4, MBK_S.5, na MBK_S.24), bishobora kuba bifitanye isano n'amabuye ya ultrabasic igneous akungahaye kuri anorthite no kubika Eu2+. Uku gukwirakwira kwa REE gushobora kandi gusobanura ubwinshi bwa strontium buboneka mu bipimo bya Kongo D (reba Ishusho ya 6) kuko strontium isimbura calcium50 mu minera ya Ca. Ingano nyinshi ya lanthanum (Ishusho ya 8) n'ubwiyongere rusange bwa LREEs (Ishusho ya 9) bishobora guterwa n'amabuye ya ultrabasic igneous nk'imiterere ya geologiya isa na kimberlite51.
Imiterere yihariye y’inkono zimeze nk’ibishushanyo mbonera bya Kongo ihuza n’isoko ryihariye ry’ibikoresho karemano, ndetse n’uko ubwoko bw’inkono bumeze nk’ubu, bigaragaza ikigo cyihariye cyo gukora inkono zimeze nk’ibishushanyo mbonera bya Kongo. Uretse umwihariko w’inkono, ingano y’uduce tw’ubwoko bwa Kongo D ikwirakwira mu buryo bugoye cyane ituma habaho ibintu bikomeye cyane bya ceramic kandi bigaragaza uburyo ibikoresho fatizo bitunganywa n’ubumenyi buhanitse mu gukora ibumba52. Iki kintu ni cyihariye kandi gishyigikira uburyo ubu bwoko bukoreshwa nk’umusaruro wibanda ku itsinda ry’abakoresha ridasanzwe35. Ku bijyanye n’uyu musaruro, Clist et al29 bavuga ko ushobora kuba waratewe n’imikoranire hagati y’abakora amatafari bo muri Porutugali n’ababumbyi bo muri Kongo, kuko ubwo bumenyi butigeze buboneka mu gihe cy’ubwami na mbere yaho.
Kuba nta bice bishya by’amabuye y’agaciro byakozwe mu bipimo by’ubwoko bwose byerekana ko hakoreshejwe ubushyuhe buke (< 950 °C), ibyo bikaba bihuye n’ubushakashatsi bw’ubushakashatsi bw’ibinyabuzima bwakozwe muri aka gace53,54. Byongeye kandi, kuba nta hematite n’ibara ryijimye ry’ibibumbano bimwe na bimwe biterwa no kugabanuka kw’umuriro cyangwa nyuma yo kurasa4,55. Ubushakashatsi ku mibereho y’abantu muri ako gace bwagaragaje ubushobozi bwo gutunganya nyuma yo kurasa mu gihe cyo gukora ibumba55. Amabara yijimye, aboneka cyane cyane mu nkono zimeze nk’ibara rya Kongo D, ashobora kujyana n’abakoresha ibyo bashaka nk’igice cy’imitako yabo myiza. Amakuru ku mibereho y’abantu muri Afurika yose ashyigikira iki gitekerezo, kuko amacupa yijimye akunze gufatwa nk’aho afite ibisobanuro byihariye by’ikigereranyo.
Ingano nke ya kalisiyumu mu bipimo, kubura karubone cyangwa ibice byazo bishya by’ubutare biterwa n’imiterere idahagije ya karubone57. Iki kibazo ni ingenzi cyane ku bipimo bikungahaye kuri talc (cyane cyane Kindoki Group na Kongo Type C basin) kuko karubone na talc byombi biboneka mu itsinda rya karubone-argillaceous-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Group42,43 Mu buryo bunyuranye. Gushaka ubwoko bumwe na bumwe bw’ibikoresho fatizo bivuye mu miterere imwe ya geologi bigaragaza ubumenyi buhanitse mu bya tekiniki bujyanye n’imyitwarire idakwiye y’ibumba rya karubone iyo rishyushye ku bushyuhe buke.
Uretse ubwoko bw'ibibumbano bya Kongo C mu miterere yabyo no mu miterere y'amabuye, kuba ibikoresho byo guteka bikenerwa cyane byatumye dushobora gushyira umusaruro w'ibibumbano bya Kongo C ku rwego rw'abaturage. Nyamara, ingano ya quartz mu ngero nyinshi zo mu bwoko bwa Kongo C igaragaza ko hari uburyo bwo gukora ibibumbano mu bwami. Bigaragaza guhitamo neza ibikoresho fatizo n'ubumenyi buhanitse mu ikoranabuhanga rijyanye n'imikorere ikwiye kandi ikwiye ya Quartz Temper Cooking Pot58. Guteka Quartz no gukoresha ibikoresho bidafite kalisiyumu bigaragaza ko guhitamo no gutunganya ibikoresho fatizo nabyo biterwa n'ibisabwa mu mikorere ya tekiniki.