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Imigenzo yububumbyi iragaragaza urwego rwubukungu nubukungu bwimico yashize, mugihe ikwirakwizwa ryibibanza ryibumba ryerekana uburyo bwitumanaho nuburyo bwo gukorana.Ibikoresho na geologiya bikoreshwa hano kugirango hamenyekane isoko, guhitamo no gutunganya ibikoresho bibisi.Ubwami bwa Kongo, mumahanga. uzwi cyane kuva mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya cumi na gatanu, ni kimwe mu bihugu bizwi cyane byahoze ari abakoloni muri Afurika yo hagati.Nubwo ubushakashatsi bwinshi bw'amateka bushingiye ku magambo yo mu magambo yo muri Afurika no mu Burayi ndetse no mu nyandiko, haracyariho icyuho kinini mu myumvire yacu kuri uyu mutwe wa politiki .Dore hano dutanga ubumenyi bushya kubyerekeye umusaruro no kuzenguruka mububumbyi mu Bwami bwa Kongo. Gukora uburyo bwinshi bwo gusesengura ku ngero zatoranijwe, arizo XRD, TGA, isesengura rya peteroli, XRF, VP-SEM-EDS na ICP-MS, twiyemeje ibiranga petrografiya, minervalique na geochemiki.Ibisubizo byacu bidufasha guhuza ibintu byubucukuzi bwibintu bisanzwe hamwe no gushyiraho imigenzo yubutaka. Twabonye inyandikorugero yumusaruro, uburyo bwo guhanahana amakuru, gukwirakwiza no guhuza ibicuruzwa byiza binyuze mu gukwirakwiza ubumenyi bwa tekiniki.Ubushakashatsi bwacu bwerekana ko politiki kwishyira hamwe mu karere ka Kongo yo hepfo ya Afrika yo hagati bigira ingaruka zitaziguye ku musaruro w’ibibumbano no kuzenguruka. Turizera ko ubushakashatsi bwacu buzatanga umusingi mwiza w’inyigisho zigereranya zigamije guhuza aka karere.
Gukora no gukoresha ububumbyi byabaye igikorwa nyamukuru mumico myinshi, kandi imibereho-politiki yacyo yagize uruhare runini mugutunganya umusaruro nigikorwa cyo gukora ibyo bintu12.2.Muri urwo rwego, ubushakashatsi bwibumba bushobora kuzamura ibyacu gusobanukirwa na societe zashize3,4.Mu gusuzuma ibumba ryubucukuzi bwa kera, dushobora guhuza imitungo yabyo n'imigenzo yihariye yubutaka hamwe nuburyo bwakurikiyeho umusaruro 1.4,5.Nkuko byagaragajwe na Matson6, bishingiye ku bidukikije by’ubutaka, guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo bifitanye isano kuboneka k'umutungo kamere.Ikindi kandi, urebye ubushakashatsi butandukanye bwerekeye amoko, Whitbread2 bivuga 84% bishoboka ko iterambere ryumutungo uri muri kilometero 7 za radiyo yakomotse kuri ceramic, ugereranije na 80% bishoboka muri radiyo 3km muri Afrika7.Nyamara , ni ngombwa kutirengagiza kwishingikiriza kumashyirahamwe yumusaruro kubintu bya tekiniki2,3.Ihitamo ryikoranabuhanga rirashobora gukorwaho iperereza mugukora iperereza ku isano riri hagati yibikoresho, tekiniki nubumenyi bwa tekiniki3,8,9.Uburyo butandukanye bushobora gusobanura umuco gakondo wubutaka .Muri iyi ngingo, kwinjiza archeologiya mubushakashatsi byagize uruhare runini mu gusobanukirwa neza na societe zashize3,10,11,12.Gukoresha uburyo bwisesengura bwinshi burashobora gukemura ibibazo bijyanye nibyiciro byose bigira uruhare mubikorwa byurunigi, nkumutungo kamere iterambere no guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo, gutanga amasoko no gutunganya3,10,11,12.
Ubushakashatsi bwibanze ku Bwami bwa Kongo, imwe muri politiki zikomeye zateye imbere muri Afurika yo hagati. Mbere y’uko igihugu kigezweho, Afurika yo hagati yari igizwe na mozayike igoye y’imibereho-politiki yaranzwe n’imico itandukanye ya politiki na politiki, inzego zikaba zitandukanye. kuva mu nzego za politiki nto kandi zacitsemo ibice kugeza mu nzego za politiki zigoye kandi zibanze cyane kuri 13,14,15.Mu rwego rw’imibereho-politiki, ubwami bwa Kongo butekereza ko bwashinzwe mu kinyejana cya 14 n’amashyirahamwe atatu yegeranye 16, 17.Mu ibihe byiza, byari bikubiyemo agace kangana n’akarere kari hagati y’inyanja ya Atalantika mu burengerazuba bwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (DRC) n’umugezi wa Cuango mu burasirazuba, ndetse n’akarere ka majyaruguru ya Angola muri iki gihe. Ubunini bwa Luanda.Yagize uruhare runini mu karere kanini mugihe cyiza cyarwo kandi bwabonye iterambere ryerekeranye no gukomera no guhuriza hamwe kugeza ku ya 14, 18, 19, 19, 20, 21 byikinyejana cya cumi n'umunani. , kugabana imirimo yihariye, hamwe n’ubucuruzi bw’abacakara18, 19 byerekana urugero rwa Earle mu bukungu bwa politiki22. Kuva yashingwa kugeza mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 17, Ubwami bwa Kongo bwagutse ku buryo bugaragara, kandi guhera mu 1483 gukomeza umubano ukomeye n'Uburayi, kandi muri ibyo inzira yitabiriye ubucuruzi bwa Atlantike 18, 19, 20, 23, 24, 25 (birambuye Reba Umugereka 1) kumakuru yamateka.
Uburyo bwibikoresho na geologiya byakoreshejwe mubukorikori bwibumba bwakuwe mu bice bitatu byubucukuzi bw’ubwami bwa Kongo, aho ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu myaka icumi ishize, aribwo Mbanza Kongo muri Angola na Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (Isanamu . 1) (reba Imbonerahamwe y'inyongera 1).2 mu makuru y’ubucukuzi) .Mbanza Congo, iherutse kwandikwa ku rutonde rw’umurage w’isi wa UNESCO, iherereye mu ntara ya Mpemba y’ubutegetsi bwa kera. Iherereye mu kibaya cyo hagati mu masangano y’inzira z’ubucuruzi zikomeye, yari politiki na umurwa mukuru w’ubutegetsi n’intebe y’intebe y’umwami.Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata biherereye mu ntara za Nsundi na Mbata, zishobora kuba zari mu bwami burindwi bwa Kongo dia Nlaza mbere yuko ubwami bushingwa - bumwe muri bwo abapolisi bahurijwe hamwe 28,29.Bombi muri bo bagize uruhare runini mu mateka y’ubwami17.Ahantu hubatswe kera mu bihe bya kera bya Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata biherereye mu kibaya cya Inkisi mu majyaruguru y’ubwami kandi ni kamwe mu turere twa mbere twatsinzwe na ba se bashinze ubwami.Mbanza Nsundi, umurwa mukuru w'intara hamwe n'amatongo ya Jindoki, yari asanzwe ategekwa n'abasimbuye abami ba nyuma bo muri Kongo 17, 18, 30. Intara ya Mbata iherereye ahanini mu burasirazuba bwa 31 mu ruzi rwa Inkisi. Abategetsi ba Mbata ( kandi ku rugero runaka Soyo) bafite amahirwe yamateka yo kuba ari bo bonyine batowe mu banyacyubahiro baho bakurikiranye, ntabwo ari izindi ntara aho abategetsi bashyirwaho nimiryango yumwami, bivuze ko ubwinshi bwimikorere 18.26.Nubwo atari intara umurwa mukuru wa Mbata, Ngongo Mbata yagize uruhare runini byibuze mu kinyejana cya 17. Kubera umwanya w’ingamba zayo mu ihuriro ry’ubucuruzi, Ngongo Mbata yagize uruhare mu iterambere ry’intara nk’isoko ry’ubucuruzi rikomeye16,17,18,26,31 , 32.
Ingoma ya Kongo n'intara zayo esheshatu zikomeye (Mpemba, Nsondi, Mbata, Soyo, Mbamba, Mpangu) mu kinyejana cya cumi na gatandatu na cumi na karindwi. Imbuga eshatu zaganiriweho muri ubu bushakashatsi (Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata) zerekanwa kuri ikarita.
Kugeza mu myaka icumi ishize, ubumenyi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo ku Bwami bwa Kongo bwari buke33.Ubushishozi bwinshi mu mateka y'ubwo bwami bushingiye ku migenzo yo mu kanwa ndetse n'inkomoko yanditswe yaturutse muri Afurika no mu Burayi 16.17. Urukurikirane rw'ibihe byakurikiranye mu karere ka Kongo rwacitsemo ibice kandi ntiruzura kubera kubura ubushakashatsi bwubucukuzi bwa sisitemu34. Ubucukuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo kuva mu mwaka wa 2011 bugamije kuziba ibyo byuho kandi bukaba bwaravumbuye ibintu by'ingenzi, ibiranga n'ibikoresho. kubijyanye nigihe cyicyuma muri Afrika yo hagati, imishinga yubucukuzi nkubu ni gake cyane 37,38.
Turerekana ibisubizo byubucukuzi bwamabuye y'agaciro, geochemiki na petrologiya yuruhererekane rw'ibice by'ibumba bivuye mu bice bitatu byacukuwe mu Bwami bwa Kongo (reba amakuru y’ubucukuzi mu bikoresho by'inyongera 2) .Icyitegererezo cyari ubwoko bune bw'ibumba (Ishusho 2), imwe yo mu ishingwa rya Jindoji na batatu bo mu ishingwa rya King Kong 30, 31, 35. Itsinda rya Kindoki ryatangiye mu gihe cy’Ubwami bwa mbere (ikinyejana cya 14 kugeza hagati ya 15) .Ku mbuga zaganiriweho muri ubu bushakashatsi, Kindoki (n = 31 ) ni urubuga rwonyine rwerekanaga amatsinda ya Kindoki30.35. Ubwoko butatu bwamatsinda ya Kongo - Ubwoko A, Ubwoko C, nubwoko D - bwatangiye mubwami bwatinze (ikinyejana cya 16-18) kandi bubaho icyarimwe mubice bitatu byubucukuzi bwasuzumwe hano30 , 31, 35 ububumbyi bugomba gukoreshwa gusa murugo - nkuko bitigeze biboneka mu gushyingura kugeza ubu - kandi bifitanye isano nitsinda ryihariye ryabakoresha 30,31,35.Ibice byabo nabyo bigaragara mumibare mike. Andika inkono A na D. yerekanye ibisa nkaho byagabanijwe kurubuga rwa Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata30,31.Mu Ngongo Mbata, kugeza ubu, hari ibice 37,013 byo mu bwoko bwa Kongo C, muri byo hakaba harimo ibice 193 byo mu bwoko bwa Kongo 193 gusa na 168 Ubwoko bwa D31.
Ibishushanyo by'amatsinda ane y'ibibumbano by'Ubwami bwa Kongo byaganiriweho muri ubu bushakashatsi (Itsinda rya Kindoki n'itsinda rya Kongo: Ubwoko A, C, na D);igishushanyo mbonera cyerekana uko ibihe byakurikiranye kuri buri kibanza cyubucukuzi bwa Mbanza Kongo, Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata.
Gutandukanya X-ray (XRD), Isesengura rya Thermogravimetric (TGA), Isesengura rya Petrographic, Impinduka zumuvuduko wo Gusikana Electron Microscopi hamwe na Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (VP-SEM-EDS), X-ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy (XRF) hamwe na Plasma Coupled Coupled. mass spectrometrie (ICP-MS) yakoreshejwe mugukemura ibibazo bijyanye ninkomoko y’ibikoresho fatizo n’ubuhanga bwo kubyaza umusaruro.Intego yacu ni ukumenya imigenzo y’ubutaka no kuyihuza nuburyo bumwe na bumwe bwo gukora, bityo tugatanga icyerekezo gishya ku mibereho yimibereho imwe y'imitwe ya politiki izwi cyane muri Afurika yo hagati.
Ikibazo cyubwami bwa congo kiragoye cyane kubushakashatsi bwinkomoko kubera ubudasa nuburyo bwihariye bwerekana imiterere ya geologiya yaho (Igishusho 3) .Ubutaka bwa geologiya burashobora gutahurwa no kuba hari imiterere ya geologiya idahwitse hamwe na metamorphic ikurikirana izwi nka Uburengerazuba bwa Congo Supergroup.Mu buryo bwo hejuru-hejuru, uruhererekane rutangirana no guhinduranya injyana ya quartzite-claystone mu buryo bwa Sansikwa, hagakurikiraho Imiterere ya Haut Shiloango, irangwa no kuba karubone ya stromatolite, no muri Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo, silica Diatomaceous selile yamenyekanye hafi yisonga no hejuru yitsinda. Itsinda rya Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire ni ihuriro rya karubone-argillite hamwe na Cu-Pb-Zn minervaliza.Iyi miterere ya geologiya yerekana inzira idasanzwe binyuze muri diagenezi y ibumba rya magnesia cyangwa Guhindura gato kwa dolomite itanga talc.Ibisubizo bivamo haboneka calcium zombi za calcium na talc minerval.Igice gitwikiriwe nitsinda rya Precambrian Schisto-Greseux rigizwe nigitanda gitukura cyumusenyi-argillace.
Ikarita ya geologiya y’ahantu ho kwigwa. Ibibanza bitatu byubucukuzi byerekanwe ku ikarita (Mbanza Congo, Jindoki na Ngongombata) .Uruziga ruzengurutse urubuga rugaragaza radiyo ya kilometero 7, ibyo bikaba bihuye n’ibishobora gukoreshwa 84% 2.Ikarita bivuga Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo na Angola, kandi imipaka irangwa. Ikarita ya geologiya (imiterere ya fayili yo ku mugereka wa 11) yakorewe muri software ya ArcGIS Pro 2.9.1 (urubuga: https://www.arcgis.com/), yerekeza Angolan41 na Kongo 42,65 Ikarita ya geologiya (dosiye ya raster), ukoresheje Gukora ibipimo bitandukanye byo gutegura.
Hejuru yo guhagarika ubutayu, ibice bya Cretaceous bigizwe nubutare bwumutungo wumugabane nkumusenyi n ibuye ryibumba.Nyakera, iyi miterere ya geologiya izwi nkisoko ya kabiri ya diyama nyuma yo gutwarwa na Early Cretaceous kimberlite tubes41,42.Nta bindi byongeweho kandi byo mu rwego rwo hejuru metamorphic. amabuye yavuzwe muri kariya gace.
Agace gakikije Mbanza Kongo karangwa no kuba hari ububiko bwa clasitike na chimique ku byiciro bya Precambrian, cyane cyane hekeste na dolomite biva mu miterere ya Schisto-Calcaire na plate, quartzite na ashwag biva mu ishyirwaho rya Haut Shiloango41.Igice cya geologiya cyegereye ahahoze hacukuwe ibya Jindoji. ni urutare rwa Holocene alluvial ubutare na hekeste, plate na chert bitwikiriwe na feldspar quartzite yo mu itsinda rya Precambrian Schisto-Greseux. Byongeye kandi, amakuru ya Kimberlite yitwa Kimpangu yavuzwe hafi ya Ngongo Mbata hafi ya craton mu karere ka Congo yo hepfo.
Igisubizo cya kimwe cya kabiri cyibice byingenzi byamabuye yabonetse na XRD bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 1, naho XRD ihagarariye igaragara ku gishushanyo cya 4.Quartz (SiO2) ni icyiciro nyamukuru cy’amabuye y'agaciro, gihora kijyanye na potasiyumu feldspar (KAlSi3O8) na mika . [Urugero, KAl2 (Si3Al) O12 (OH) 2], na / cyangwa talc Ca] (ni ukuvuga sodium na / cyangwa anorthite) na amphibole [(X) (0–3) [(Z) (5–7) (Si, Al) 8O22 (O, OH, F) 2, X = Ca2 +, Na + .
Uhagarariye XRD ishusho yububumbyi bwa Kongo, bushingiye ku byiciro byingenzi bya kristalline, bihuye nitsinda ryubwoko: (i) ibice bikungahaye kuri talc byahuye na Groupe ya Kindoki na Kongo Ubwoko bwa C, (ii) talc ikungahaye yahuye nicyitegererezo kirimo Quartz irimo Itsinda rya Kindoki na Kongo Ubwoko bwa C, (iii) ibice bikungahaye kuri feldspar mubitegererezo bya Kongo Ubwoko A na Kongo D, (iv) ibice bikungahaye kuri mika mubitegererezo bya Kongo Ubwoko A na Kongo D, (v) Amphibole ibice bikungahaye byagaragaye mubitegererezo kuva Kongo Ubwoko A na Kongo Ubwoko bwa DQ quartz, Pl plagioclase, cyangwa potassium feldspar, Am amphibole, Mca mica, Tlc talc, Vrm vermiculite.
Ikirangantego cya XRD cyerekana talc Mg3Si4O10 (OH) 2 na pyrophyllite Al2Si4O10 (OH) 2 bisaba ubuhanga bwuzuzanya kugirango hamenyekane ko bahari, badahari cyangwa bishoboka kubana.TGA yakorewe ku ngero eshatu zihagarariye (MBK_S.14, KDK_S.13 na KDK_S. 20.) 850 ° C, byerekana ko pyrophyllite idahari44.
Nkicyiciro gito, vermiculite [(Mg, Fe + 2, Fe + 3) 3 , Byagaragaye cyane mu itsinda rya Kindoki na Kongo Itsinda Ubwoko A.
Ingero zo mu bwoko bwa Kindoki zagaruwe mu gace kagari ka Kindoki zerekanaga imyunyu ngugu irangwa no kuba talc, ubwinshi bwa quartz na mika, ndetse na potasiyumu feldspar.
Ibigize imyunyu ngugu ya Kongo Ubwoko bwa A burangwa no kuba hari umubare munini wa quartz-mica ebyiri muburyo butandukanye no kuba potasiyumu feldspar, plagioclase, amphibole, na mika.Ubwinshi bwa amphibole na feldspar buranga ubu bwoko, cyane muri congo yo mu bwoko bwa A muri Jindoki na Ngongombata.
Ingero za Kongo Ubwoko C zigaragaza imyunyu ngugu itandukanye mu itsinda ryubwoko, bushingiye cyane ku bucukumbuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo. Ingero za Ngongo Mbata zikungahaye kuri quartz kandi zigaragaza imiterere ihamye.Quartz nayo ni icyiciro cyiganje mu byitegererezo by'ubwoko bwa Kongo C. kuva Mbanza Kongo na Kindoki, ariko muribi bihe ingero zimwe zikungahaye kuri talc na mika.
Ubwoko bwa Kongo D bufite imyunyu ngugu idasanzwe ahantu hose uko ari bitatu byubucukuzi.Feldspar, cyane cyane plagioclase, ni nyinshi muri ubu bwoko bwibumba. Amphibole ikunze kuboneka mubwinshi. Yerekana quartz na mika. Umubare ugereranije uratandukanye hagati yintangarugero. Talc yagaragaye muri amphibole -kungahaza ibice byubwoko bwitsinda Mbanza Kongo.
Amabuye y'agaciro yibanze yagaragajwe nisesengura rya petrographic ni quartz, feldspar, mika na amphibole. Kwinjiza urutare bigizwe nuduce twa metamorphic yo hagati kandi yo mu rwego rwo hejuru, yaka kandi yimeza. Amakuru yimibare yabonetse akoresheje imbonerahamwe yerekana Orton45′s Kuri byiza, hamwe nikigereranyo cya matrix ya leta kuva 5% kugeza kuri 50% .Ibinyampeke byagereranijwe biva kumurongo kugeza ku nguni nta cyerekezo cyiza.
Amatsinda atanu ya lithofacies (PGa, PGb, PGc, PGd, na PGe) aratandukanye ashingiye kumihindagurikire yimiterere nubutare. Igishushanyo 5a);Itsinda rya PGb: igice kinini cya matrix yubushyuhe (20% -30%), matrise matresse Gutondekanya umuriro ni bibi, ibinyampeke bitondekanye ni inguni, kandi urutare rwo hagati na rwisumbuye rwo mu rwego rwo hejuru rufite ibintu byinshi bya silikatike, mika na nini ibuye ry'urutare (Igishusho 5b);Itsinda rya PGc: ugereranije umubare munini wa matrise (20 -40%), byiza gutondekanya ubushyuhe bwiza, ntoya kugeza ntoya cyane izengurutswe ingano, ingano ya quartz nyinshi, rimwe na rimwe icyuho cya planari (c ku gishushanyo 5);Itsinda rya PGd: igipimo gito Matrix Yashushe (5-20%), hamwe nintete ntoya, ingano nini, urutare runini, gutondeka nabi, hamwe nuburyo bwiza bwa matrix (d ku gishushanyo 5);Itsinda rya PGe: igipimo kinini cya matrix yubushyuhe (40-50%), byiza gutondekanya ubushyuhe bwiza, ubunini bubiri bwimbuto zimbuto hamwe nubutare butandukanye butandukanye mubijyanye n'ubushyuhe (Ishusho 5, e) .Kuri 5 herekana optique ihagarariye micrografi yitsinda rya petrographic. Ubushakashatsi bwibanze bwintangarugero bwatumye habaho isano ikomeye hagati yubwoko bwashyizwe hamwe na petrografiya, cyane cyane mubitegererezo byaturutse kuri Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata (reba Umugereka wa 4 kumafoto yerekana abahagarariye icyitegererezo cyose).
Uhagarariye micrografi ya optique ya Kongo y'Ubwami ibice;inzandiko hagati ya petrografiya na typologiya. (a) itsinda rya PGa, (b) itsinda rya PGB, (c) itsinda rya PGc, (d) itsinda rya PGd na (e) itsinda rya PGe.
Icyitegererezo cya Kindoki kirimo ibisobanuro bisobanuwe neza bifitanye isano no gushinga PGa. Ingero zo mu bwoko bwa Kongo A zifitanye isano rya bugufi na lithofacies ya PGb, usibye icyitegererezo cya Kongo A NBC_S.4 Kongo-A ukomoka muri Ngongo Mbata, ari nacyo. bifitanye isano nitsinda rya PGe mugutondekanya. Byinshi mubitegererezo byo mu bwoko bwa Kongo C biva muri Kindoki na Ngongo Mbata, na Kongo C yo mu bwoko bwa MBK_S.21 na MBK_S.23 byo muri Mbanza Kongo byari iby'itsinda rya PGc.Nyamara, ubwoko bwinshi bwa Kongo C ingero zerekana ibiranga izindi lithofacies. Ingero zo mu bwoko bwa Kongo MBK_S.17 na NBC_S.13 zerekana ibiranga imiterere ijyanye nitsinda rya PGe. mugihe icyitegererezo cya Kongo C cyitegererezo KDK_S.19, KDK_S.20 na KDK_S.25 bifite imitungo isa nitsinda rya PGb. Ubwoko bwa C Ubwoko bwa MBK_S.14 bushobora gufatwa nkimbere kubera ubwinshi bwimiterere ya clast. Hafi yingero zose zijyanye na Ubwoko bwa Kongo D buhujwe na lithofacies ya PGe, usibye urugero rwa Kongo D rwerekana MBK_S.7 na MBK_S.15 rwo muri Mbanza Kongo, rugaragaza ibinyampeke binini bifite ubushyuhe buke (30%), hafi yitsinda rya PGc.
Ingero zavuye ahantu hatatu zubucukuzi zasesenguwe na VP-SEM-EDS kugirango zerekane ikwirakwizwa ryibanze no kumenya ibice byiganjemo ibice by’ibinyampeke ku giti cyabyo. rutile), okiside ya titanium (ilmenite), silikatike ya zirconium (zircon) na neosilicates ya perovskite (garnet) .Silika, aluminium, potasiyumu, calcium, sodium, titanium, fer na magnesium nibintu bisanzwe bikoreshwa muri chimique. ibirimo magnesium muburyo bwa Kindoki na Kongo A yo mu bwoko bwa Kongo birashobora gusobanurwa no kuba hari amabuye y'agaciro ya talc cyangwa magnesium y'ibumba. Dukurikije isesengura ryibanze, ibinyampeke bya feldspar bihura cyane na potasiyumu feldspar, albite, oligoclase, ndetse rimwe na rimwe labradorite na anorthite (Supplement 5, Igicap.6) mu bwoko bwa Kongo A (tremolite) na Congo D yo mu bwoko bwa Ceramics (actinite) .Ikindi kandi, ahantu hatatu hacukuwe kera, ibinyampeke bya ilmenite byari bifitanye isano rya hafi n’icyitegererezo cya D. , ibi ntabwo byahinduye uburyo bwabo bwo gusimbuza icyuma-titanium (Fe-Ti) (reba Umugereka wa 5, Ishusho S11).
Amakuru ya VP-SEM-EDS. Igishushanyo cya gatatu cyerekana imiterere itandukanye ya amphibole hagati ya tanki ya Kongo Ubwoko A na Kongo D ku ngero zatoranijwe muri Mbanza Kongo (MBK), Kindoki (KDK), na Ngongo Mbata (NBC);ibimenyetso byashizweho nitsinda ryubwoko.
Nkurikije ibisubizo bya XRD, quartz na potassium feldspar nubutare nyamukuru mu ngero za Kongo zo mu bwoko bwa C, mu gihe kuba hari quartz, potassium feldspar, albite, anorthite na tremolite biranga ingero zo mu bwoko bwa Kongo. Ingero zo mu bwoko bwa Kongo zerekana ko quartz , potasiyumu feldspar, albite, oligofeldspar, ilmenite na actinite nibyo bigize imyunyu ngugu nyamukuru. Ubwoko bwa Kongo Icyitegererezo NBC_S.3 gishobora gufatwa nkaho kiri hanze kuko plagioclase yacyo ni labradorite, amphibole ni orthopamphibole, kandi haranditse ilmenite.Kongo C- andika icyitegererezo NBC_S.14 kirimo kandi ibinyampeke bya ilmenite (Umugereka wa 5, Imibare S12 - S15).
Isesengura rya XRF ryakozwe ku ngero zahagarariwe kuva ahantu hatatu hacukuwe kugira ngo hamenyekane amatsinda y’ibanze.Ibintu nyamukuru bigize ibice biri ku mbonerahamwe ya 2.Ingero zasesenguwe zerekanwe ko zikungahaye kuri silika na alumina, hamwe na calcium ya oxyde ya calcium iri munsi ya 6% .Uburebure kwibumbira hamwe kwa magnesium biterwa no kuba hari talc, ifitanye isano itandukanye na oxyde ya silicon na oxyde ya aluminium.Imisemburo ya sodium yo hejuru hamwe na calcium oxyde ya calcium ihuye nubwinshi bwa plagioclase.
Ingero za Groupe ya Kindoki zagaruwe kurubuga rwa Kindoki zerekanye ubutunzi bukomeye bwa magnesia (8-10%) bitewe nuko talc.Urwego rwa oxyde ya Potasiyumu muri ubu bwoko rwatandukanijwe kuva kuri 1.5 kugeza kuri 2.5%, na sodium (<0.2%) na oxyde ya calcium (<0.4%) kwibandaho byari hasi.
Ubwinshi bwa oxyde de fer (7.5-9%) nibintu bisanzwe biranga inkono yo mu bwoko bwa Kongo A. Ubwoko bwa Kongo bwatanzwe na Mbanza Kongo na Kindoki bwerekanye urugero rwa potasiyumu (3.5-4.5%). –5%) itandukanya icyitegererezo cya Ngongo Mbata nizindi ngero zitsinda ryubwoko bumwe. Ubwoko bwa Kongo Icyitegererezo NBC_S.4 cyerekana ubwinshi bwa oxyde de fer, bifitanye isano no kuba hari amase ya minibile amphibole. Ubwoko bwa Kongo Icyitegererezo NBC_S. 3 yerekanye ubunini bwa manganese (1.25%).
Silica (60-70%) yiganje mubigize icyitegererezo cyubwoko bwa Kongo C, ikaba igizwe nibirimo bya quartz byagenwe na XRD na petrography. Sodium nkeya (<0.5%) na calcium (0.2-0,6%) byagaragaye. Umubare munini wa oxyde ya magnesium (13.9 na 20.7%, kimwe) hamwe na oxyde yo munsi yicyuma cya MBK_S.14 na KDK_S.20 bihuye namabuye y'agaciro ya talc. hamwe na sodium nyinshi, magnesium, calcium na Iron oxyde.Ubushuhe bwinshi bwa dioxyde de titanium (1.5%) itandukanya ubwoko bwa Kongo bwa MBK_S.9.
Itandukaniro mubice bigize ibice byerekana urugero rwa Kongo Ubwoko bwa D, byerekana silika yo hasi hamwe nubunini bwa sodium (1-5%), calcium (1-5%), na okiside ya potasiyumu iri hagati ya 44% na 63% (1- 5%) bitewe na feldspar ihari.Ikindi kandi, ibirimo byinshi bya dioxyde de titanium (1-3.5%) byagaragaye muri ubu bwoko bwitsinda.Icyuma kinini cya oxyde de fer yo mu bwoko bwa Kongo D MBK_S.15, MBK_S.19 na NBC_S .23 ifitanye isano na ogiside ya magnesium nyinshi, ibyo bikaba bihuye no kwiganza kwa amphibole.Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwa oxyde ya manganese bwagaragaye mu byitegererezo byose byo mu bwoko bwa Kongo D.
Ibyingenzi byingenzi byerekanaga isano iri hagati ya calcium na okiside ya fer mu bwoko bwa Kongo ubwoko bwa A na D, ibyo bikaba byari bifitanye isano no gutunganyiriza okiside ya sodiumi. Kubireba ibice bigize ibintu (Umugereka wa 6, Imbonerahamwe S1), ibyitegererezo byinshi byo mu bwoko bwa Kongo D ni ikungahaye kuri zirconium ifitanye isano rito na strontium. Umugambi wa Rb-Sr (Igicapo 7) werekana isano iri hagati ya tanki yo mu bwoko bwa strontium na Kongo D, no hagati ya tanki yo mu bwoko bwa rubidium na Kongo A. Itsinda ryombi rya Kindoki na Congo Ubwoko C. zaragabanutse kubintu byombi. (Reba nanone Umugereka wa 6, Imibare S16-S19).
Amakuru ya XRF. Ikibanza cya Rb-Sr, ingero zatoranijwe mu nkono y'Ubwami bwa Congo, amabara yanditseho amatsinda y'ubwoko. Igishushanyo cyerekana isano iri hagati ya tank yo mu bwoko bwa Kongo D na strontium no hagati ya tank ya Kongo A na rubidium.
Icyitegererezo gihagarariwe na Mbanza Kongo cyasesenguwe na ICP-MS kugirango hamenyekane ibice bigize imiterere n'ibigize ibice, ndetse no kwiga ikwirakwizwa ry'imiterere ya REE hagati y'amatsinda y'ubwoko. Ibiranga inzira n'ibisobanuro byasobanuwe cyane ku mugereka wa 7, Imbonerahamwe S2.Ubwoko bwa Kongo Icyitegererezo hamwe na Kongo Ubwoko bwa D icyitegererezo MBK_S.7, MBK_S.16, na MBK_S.25 bikungahaye kuri thorium. Amabati yo mu bwoko bwa Kongo A agaragaza urugero rwinshi rwa zinc kandi akungahaye kuri rubidium, naho amabati yo mu bwoko bwa Kongo agaragaza cyane ya strontium, yemeza ibisubizo bya XRF (Umugereka wa 7, Ishusho S21 - S23) .Umugambi wa La / Yb-Sm / Yb werekana isano kandi ugaragaza ibintu byinshi bya lanthanum biri mu cyitegererezo cya tank ya Kongo D (Ishusho 8).
Amakuru ya ICP-MS. Igishushanyo mbonera cya La / Yb-Sm / Yb, icyitegererezo cyatoranijwe mu kibaya cy'Ubwami bwa Kongo, cyanditsweho amabara n'itsinda ry'ubwoko. Ubwoko bwa C Ubwoko bwa MBK_S.14 ntabwo bugaragara kuri iyo shusho.
REEs zisanzwe na NASC47 zitangwa muburyo bwibitagangurirwa (Igicapo 9) .Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko hakungahaye ku bintu bidasanzwe by’ubutaka bidasanzwe (LREEs), cyane cyane mu byitegererezo biva mu bwoko bwa Kongo A na tanki yo mu bwoko bwa D. Ubwoko bwa Kongo C. yerekanye impinduka nyinshi.Ibintu byiza bya europium anomaly biranga ubwoko bwa Kongo D, na cerium anomaly ndende iranga ubwoko bwa Kongo A.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twasuzumye urutonde rw’ibumba ryaturutse mu bice bitatu bya kera by’ubucukuzi bwa Afurika yo hagati bifitanye isano n’Ubwami bwa Kongo biri mu matsinda atandukanye y’imyandikire, ari yo matsinda ya Jindoki na Kongo. Itsinda rya Jinduomu ryerekana igihe cyambere (igihe cy’ubwami bwo hambere) kandi kibaho gusa ahahoze archeologiya ya Jinduomu. Itsinda rya Kongo - ubwoko bwa A, C, na D - ribaho ahantu hatatu icyarimwe icyarimwe. Amateka yitsinda rya King Kong ashobora kuva mu gihe cyubwami.Yerekana igihe cyo guhuza Uburayi no guhanahana ibicuruzwa imbere no mu Bwami bwa Kongo no hanze yacyo, nk'uko byagenze mu binyejana byinshi. Ibikumwe by'urutoki hamwe n'ibitare byabonetse hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusesengura ibintu byinshi. Ni ubwa mbere Afurika yo hagati ikoresha ayo masezerano.
Itsinda rya Kindoki ryahimbye urutoki rwerekana urutoki rwerekana ibicuruzwa bidasanzwe bya Kindoki. Itsinda rya Kindoki rishobora kuba rifitanye isano nigihe Nsondi yari intara yigenga ya karindwi ya congo dia Nlaza 28,29.Hariho talc na vermiculite (ibicuruzwa bifite ubushyuhe buke ya talc ikirere) mu itsinda rya Jinduoji ryerekana ko hakoreshwa ibikoresho fatizo byaho, kuko talc iboneka muri matrike ya geologiya yikibanza cya Jinduoji, muburyo bwa Schisto-Calcaire 39,40.Ibiranga imyenda y'ubwoko bw'inkono byarebwaga no gusesengura imiterere byerekana gutunganya ibikoresho bitarimbere.
Inkono yo mu bwoko bwa Kongo yerekanaga itandukaniro ryimbere hagati yimbuga hagati ya interineti.Mbanza Kongo na Kindoki zifite aside nyinshi ya potasiyumu na calcium, naho Ngongo Mbata ikungahaye kuri magnesium.Nyamara, ibintu bimwe na bimwe bisanzwe bibatandukanya nandi matsinda asanzwe.Bari byinshi bihamye mumyenda, byaranzwe na mika paste. Bitandukanye nubwoko bwa Congo C, berekana ibintu byinshi ugereranije na feldspar, amphibole na oxyde de fer.Ibintu byinshi bya mika no kuba amphibole ya tremolite ibatandukanya nibibaya byo mu bwoko bwa Kongo D. , ahamenyekana actinolite amphibole.
Ubwoko bwa Kongo bugaragaza kandi impinduka mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro na chimique hamwe n'ibiranga imyenda biranga ahahoze hacukuwe kera kandi hagati yabyo.Iyi mpinduka iterwa no gukoresha ibikoresho biboneka biboneka hafi ya buri bicuruzwa / aho byakorewe.Nyamara, guhuza stiliste byagezweho hiyongereyeho tekinike yaho.
Ubwoko bwa Kongo D bufitanye isano rya bugufi na okiside ya titanium, biterwa no kuba hari amabuye y'agaciro ya ilmenite (Umugereka wa 6, Igicapo S20) .Ibintu byinshi bya manganese biri mu binyampeke byasesenguwe na ilmenite bihuza na manganese ilmenite (Ishusho. 10. mugari wa Ngongo Mbata hashobora kuba Congo (DRC) Inkomoko y'ibikoresho fatizo byo kubyaza umusaruro ubwoko bwa D.Ibi kandi bishyigikirwa no gutahura ilmenite mu cyitegererezo kimwe cyo mu bwoko bwa Kongo n'icyitegererezo kimwe cya Kongo ku kibanza cya Ngongo Mbata.
Amakuru ya VP-SEM-EDS Ibyanjye (Mn-ilmenite).
Ibintu byiza bya Europium byagaragaye muburyo bwa REE bwikigega cya Kongo D (reba Ishusho 9), cyane cyane mubitegererezo bifite ibinyampeke bya ilmenite (urugero, MBK_S.4, MBK_S.5, na MBK_S.24), birashoboka ko bifitanye isano no gutwika ultrabasic. urutare rukungahaye kuri anorthite kandi rugumana Eu2 + .Iyi gukwirakwiza REE irashobora kandi gusobanura ubunini bwa strontium iboneka mu ngero zo mu bwoko bwa Kongo D (reba Ishusho ya 6) kubera ko strontium isimbuza calcium50 muri latine ya Ca.Ibintu byinshi bya lanthanumu (Ishusho 8) ) hamwe no gukungahaza muri rusange KUBUNTU (Igicapo 9) birashobora guterwa nubutare bwa ultrabasic butwikwa nka kimberlite imeze nka geologiya 51.
Ibiranga umwihariko wibihingwa biranga inkono ya Kongo D ibahuza nisoko yihariye yibikoresho fatizo bisanzwe, kimwe nimbuga ihuza ibinyabuzima bisa nkubu, byerekana ikigo cyihariye cyo kubyaza umusaruro inkono ya Kongo D. Usibye kuri umwihariko wibigize, ingano yubushyuhe bwo gukwirakwiza ubwoko bwa Kongo D bivamo ibintu bikomeye cyane byubutaka kandi byerekana gutunganya ibikoresho mbisi nkana hamwe nubumenyi bwa tekinike buhanitse mugukora ibumba 52 .Iyi miterere irihariye kandi irashigikira gusobanura ubu bwoko nka a ibicuruzwa byibasiye itsinda ryihariye ryabakoresha35.Ku bijyanye n’umusaruro, Clist et al29 yerekana ko bishobora kuba byaratewe n’imikoranire hagati y’abakora amatafari yo muri Porutugali n’ababumbyi b’Abanyekongo, nk’ubwo bumenyi-buryo butigeze buboneka mu bwami na mbere.
Kubura ibice bishya byamabuye y'agaciro mubyitegererezo bivuye mubwoko bwose byerekana ko hakoreshwa umuriro muke (<950 ° C), ibyo bikaba bihuye nubushakashatsi bwerekeye Ethnoarchaeologie bwakorewe muri kariya gace 53,54. Byongeye kandi, kutabaho kwa hematite kandi ibara ryijimye ryibice bimwe na bimwe byabumbwe biterwa no kugabanuka kurasa cyangwa nyuma yo kurasa4,55.Ubushakashatsi bw’amateka muri ako gace bwerekanye ibintu bitunganyirizwa nyuma y’umuriro mu gihe cyo gukora ibumba 55. ifitanye isano nabakoresha intego nkigice cyo gushushanya kwabo.Imibare yamakuru yimiterere mugihugu kinini cya Afrika ishyigikira iki kirego, kuko ibibindi byirabura bikunze gufatwa nkibisobanuro byihariye byikigereranyo.
Ubwinshi bwa calcium mu byitegererezo, kubura karubone na / cyangwa ibyiciro bishya byubatswe biterwa na kamere idahwitse ya ceramics57.Ikibazo kirashimishije cyane kuburugero rukungahaye kuri talc (cyane cyane Itsinda rya Kindoki na Ikibaya cya Kongo C) kubera ko karubone na talc byombi biboneka muri karubone ya karubone-argillaceous-Neoproterozoic Schisto-Calcaire Itsinda 42,43 Mugenzi.Gushakira nkana ubwoko bumwebumwe bwibikoresho fatizo biva muburyo bumwe bwa geologiya byerekana ubumenyi bwa tekiniki buhanitse bujyanye na imyitwarire idakwiye yibumba ryibara iyo irashwe kubushyuhe buke.
Usibye imiterere-y-imirima ihimbye hamwe nubutare butandukanye bwububiko bwa Kongo C, icyifuzo kinini cyo gukoresha ibikoresho byo guteka cyatwemereye gushyira umusaruro wibumba rya Kongo C kurwego rwabaturage.Nyamara, ibikubiye muri quartz muri Kongo nyinshi Ubwoko bwa C bwerekana urugero ruhoraho mubikorwa byububumbyi mubwami.Byerekana guhitamo neza ibikoresho fatizo hamwe nubumenyi buhanitse bujyanye nubushobozi kandi bukwiye bwibikorwa bya Quartz Temper Guteka Pot 58. Ubushyuhe bwa Quartz nibikoresho bidafite calcium byerekana ko guhitamo ibikoresho fatizo no gutunganya nabyo biterwa nibikorwa bya tekiniki.