amakuru

Inganda zikora irangi ku isi zirimo kubona impinduka zikomeye ku bijyanye n’imvange y’amazi, ishingiye ku mategeko akaze agenga ibidukikije ndetse n’ibibazo bikomeje kwiyongera mu kubungabunga ibidukikije. Ishingiro ry’iyi mpinduka ni ugushaka irangi rikora neza, kandi umukara wa karuboni wagaragaye nk'ikintu cy'ingenzi. Ariko, gukora irangi rikoresha amazi rifite ibara ry’umukara wijimye bitera imbogamizi zidasanzwe, kandi aha niho umukara wa karuboni udafite viscosity nyinshi ugaragara nk'ikintu gihindura ibintu.

Udupira tw’amazi dukoreshwa mu gusiga ukoresheje amazi tugenda dukunzwe cyane bitewe n’uko duhumanya ikirere, koroshya ibidukikije, no koroshya gusukura. Nyamara, gushyiramo umukara usanzwe wa karuboni muri ubu buryo akenshi bitera kwiyongera k’ubushyuhe bw’ingufu, bigatuma amazi atemba nabi, imiterere idahuye, ndetse n’ibibatsi bitameze neza. Udupira tw’umukara wa karuboni, urwego rwihariye rwakozwe kugira ngo rukemure ibi bibazo, rutanga igisubizo gihuza umwijima mwinshi n’uburyo bwiza bwo gutunganya mu buryo bw’amazi.

Akamaro k'ibanze k'umukara wa karuboni mu mazi ni ubushobozi bwo kugumana ubukana buke nubwo haba hari ibintu byinshi biremereye. Umukara wa karuboni usanzwe, ufite ubuso burebure n'amatsinda y'ubuso bwa polar nka carboxyl na hydroxyl, ukorana cyane na molekile z'amazi. Uku guhuza gukorana kurema urusobe rushobora kongera ubukana bwa coat ku gipimo cya 2-3% cyangwa gatatu. Mu buryo bunyuranye, umukara wa karuboni muke uhinduka ku buso hakoreshejwe surfactants zitari ionic nka ethoxylated alcohols. Uku guhindura kugabanya imikoranire hagati y'amazi n'umukara wa karuboni, bigabanya ubucucike bw'ubuso bwa karuboni muke, hamwe n'ubushobozi bwa zeta busanzwe buri hagati ya -20 na -30 mV (bipimwe binyuze mu gukwirakwiza urumuri rwa electrophoretic). Kubera iyo mpamvu, imiterere y'urusobe irakumirwa, bigatuma habaho uburyo bworoshye kandi buhamye bwo gutwikira.

Urugero rw'ukuri rwavuye mu nganda zikora irangi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika rugaragaza ubushobozi bw'umukara wa karuboni muke. Ubwo byageragezwaga mu irangi ry'amazi rya acrylic ku mutwaro wa 2.5%, ubukana bw'irangi bwagumye kuri 350-400 cP (Brookfield, 60 rpm). Ugereranije, irangi rimwe na karuboni isanzwe ry'umukara ryari rifite ubukana bwa 800-900 cP. Uku kugabanuka gukomeye kwa bukorikori byahinduye ikoreshwa ry'uburoso n'umuzingo, aho agace k'umukara katagaragaza ibimenyetso bigaragara by'uburoso cyangwa imiterere y'igishishwa cy'umuhondo.

Gukora firime ni ikindi kintu cy'ingenzi aho umukara wa karuboni utagira ubukana bwinshi urusha abandi. Irangi rishingiye ku mazi rishingira ku guhuza kw'uduce twa polimeri mu gihe cyo kumisha kugira ngo rikore firime ihoraho kandi ingana. Ubukana bwinshi bushobora kubangamira iyi nzira, bigatera inenge nko mu mwobo, gufunga, cyangwa gufatana nabi. Gukwirakwira kw'umukara wa karuboni utagira ubukana bwinshi, byemejwe binyuze mu gushonga kwa centrifugal, bituma uduce tw'umukara wa karuboni tudahagarika guhuza kw'uduce twa polimeri. Filimi zumye zirimo uyu mukara wihariye wa karuboni zigaragaza ubuso bworoshye, bufite agaciro ka ≤0.5 μm (bipimwe hifashishijwe profilometry), kandi bufatanye cyane n'ibintu. Urugero, kuri sima, imbaraga zo gufatana zishobora kugera kuri 6-8 MPa (ASTM D4541), ugereranije na 4-5 MPa kuri filimi zifite umukara wa karuboni usanzwe. Mu irangi rishingiye ku mazi, irangi ryoroshye ntiryongera gusa ingano karemano y'igiti ahubwo rinatanga irangi rirambye, ridashobora gushwara. Uruganda rukora ibikoresho byagaragaje umusaruro mwiza cyane rukoresheje ibara ry’umukara rito rya karuboni mu gitambaro cya polyurethane gikozwe mu mazi, aho ibikoresho byarangiye byerekana ibara ry’umukara rirabagirana, ryigaragaza neza igiti kandi rigakomeza kwihanganira imirasire irenga 500 yo gusukura (ASTM D2486) idacika cyangwa ngo ikureho.

Imiterere y'amabara ni ingenzi cyane mu gusiga, kandi umukara wa karuboni ukabije utanga umusaruro mwiza muri uru rwego. Ifite imbaraga nyinshi zo gusiga irangi, ubusanzwe 100-110% ugereranije n'umukara usanzwe wa karuboni (upimwe binyuze muri ASTM D2805), ishobora kugera ku mukara wijimye cyane iyo ifite umutwaro muto. Umutwaro wa 2-2.5% urahagije kugira ngo ugere ku gipimo cya L* cya ≤12 (CIE Lab), wujuje ibisabwa mu miterere y'imyenda y'ubwubatsi n'inganda. Ingano nto y'uduce duto tw'umukara wa karuboni ukabije, ubusanzwe uri hagati ya 20-30 nm, ituma habaho ibara rimwe nta mabara y'umukara utifuzwa, hirindwa ko ibara ry'umukara cyangwa ubururu rishobora kubaho iyo habayeho ibara ry'umukara wa karuboni ridasanzwe. Ibizamini byihuse byo kugerageza ikirere (ASTM G154) byagaragaje ko irangi rya acrylic rishingiye ku mazi rifite umukara wa karuboni ukabije ugumana 80% by'ibara ryaryo ry'umwimerere (ΔE ≤2) nyuma y'amasaha 2000 yo gusimbuka, rirusha cyane irangi ry'umukara w'umwimerere, rigumana 60% gusa by'ibara ryaryo. Uku kudakomera kudasanzwe mu gihe cy'ikirere bituma umukara wa karuboni utagira viscosity uba amahitamo meza yo gusiga irangi rishingiye ku mazi hanze, nk'irangi ryo hanze ku nkuta n'ibyuma.

Mu gukora no gutanga umukara wa karuboni udafite viscosity nyinshi, kugenzura ubuziranenge n'ubufasha mu bya tekiniki ni ingenzi. Amanota yihariye yakozwe neza ku bintu bitandukanye byo gusiga amarangi arahari. Aya manota agumana imiterere ihamye, harimo ubuso bwa BET bwa 200-240 m²/g, agaciro ka DBP k’umusaruro ka 90-100 cm³/100g, na pH idafite aho ibogamiye ya 6.5-7.5 kugira ngo hirindwe ingaruka zo gusiga amarangi. Kugenzura cyane ingano y’icyuma gikomeye, hamwe n’icyuma cy’ubutare ≤0.0005% na arsenic ≤0.0003%, bireba kubahiriza amahame mpuzamahanga y’ibidukikije nka LEED na Eurofins.

Ibikoresho bigira uruhare runini mu ruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa by'umukara muke. Imifuka ishongeshwa mu mazi (25 kg/umufuka) ikoreshwa mu koroshya gukwirakwira mu buryo bw'amazi, bikuraho gufungurwa kw'imifuka no kugabanya ibyago byo kuvunda n'ivumbi. Ku musaruro munini, ibikoresho binini bya kg 500 bifite vali zo hasi birahari kugira ngo bigerweho mu buryo bwikora. Hamwe n'umuyoboro mpuzamahanga w'ubwikorezi ukorera ahantu hanini ho gutwikira irangi mu Burayi, Aziya na Amerika y'Epfo, igihe cyo gutanga kiri hagati y'iminsi 12-25. Itsinda rishinzwe nyuma yo kugurisha ritanga ubufasha aho rikorera.

Igihe cyo kohereza: Nzeri-04-2025