Ihuza abafata ibyemezo n'urusobe rw'amakuru, abantu n'ibitekerezo, Bloomberg itanga amakuru y'ubucuruzi n'imari, amakuru n'ubumenyi ku isi yose mu buryo bwihuse kandi bunoze.
Ihuza abafata ibyemezo n'urusobe rw'amakuru, abantu n'ibitekerezo, Bloomberg itanga amakuru y'ubucuruzi n'imari, amakuru n'ubumenyi ku isi yose mu buryo bwihuse kandi bunoze.
PepsiCo na Coca-Cola byiyemeje kutazakuraho imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu myaka mike iri imbere, ariko kugira ngo bagere ku ntego zabo, bagomba gukemura ikibazo bagize uruhare mu guteza: igipimo gito cyane cy’ikoreshwa ry’imyanda mu kongera gukoreshwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.
Ubwo Coca-Cola, Pepsi na Keurig Dr Pepper babaraga imyuka ya karubone yo mu 2020, ibyavuyemo byari bitangaje: Ibigo bitatu binini ku isi bicuruza ibinyobwa bidasembuye byashyize toni miliyoni 121 z'imyuka yo mu kirere - bigabanya ikirere cyose cy'Ububiligi.
Ubu, ibigo bikomeye bya soda byiyemeje kunoza ikirere cyane. Pepsi na Coca-Cola byiyemeje kureka imyuka yose ihumanya ikirere mu myaka mike iri imbere, mu gihe Dr Pepper yiyemeje kugabanya nibura 15% by'imyuka ihumanya ikirere bitarenze umwaka wa 2030.
Ariko kugira ngo bagere ku ntego zabo zifatika ku mihindagurikire y’ikirere, inganda zikora ibinyobwa zigomba kubanza gukemura ikibazo kibi zafashije guteza: igipimo gito cyane cyo kongera gukoresha ibinyobwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.
Igitangaje ni uko umusaruro mwinshi w'amacupa ya pulasitiki ari kimwe mu bintu bigira uruhare runini mu iterambere ry'inganda z'ibinyobwa. Inyinshi muri pulasitiki ni polyethylene tereftalate, cyangwa "PET," ibice byayo bikomoka kuri peteroli na gaze karemano hanyuma bigaca mu nzira nyinshi zikoresha ingufu nyinshi.
Buri mwaka, amasosiyete y’ibinyobwa yo muri Amerika akora amacupa ya pulasitiki agera kuri miliyari 100 kugira ngo agurishe soda, amazi, ibinyobwa bitanga ingufu n’imitobe. Ku isi yose, Coca-Cola Company yonyine yakoraga amacupa ya pulasitiki miliyari 125 umwaka ushize—hafi 4.000 ku isegonda. Umusaruro n’ijugunywa ry’iyi plastiki imeze nk’inkangu bingana na 30 ku ijana by’umusaruro wa karuboni wa Coca-Cola, cyangwa toni miliyoni 15 ku mwaka. Ibyo bingana n’umwanda uturuka ku nganda zikora amashanyarazi zanduye cyane zikoresha amakara.
Binatera imyanda itangaje. Nk’uko bivugwa n’Ishyirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’Imiturire y’Ibikoresho by’Amatungo (NAPCOR), bitarenze umwaka wa 2020, 26.6% by’amacupa ya PET muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ni yo azaba asubijwemo, mu gihe andi azatwikwa, agashyirwa mu myanda cyangwa akajugunywa nk’imyanda. Mu bice bimwe na bimwe by’igihugu, ibintu birarushaho kuba bibi. Mu Karere ka Miami-Dade, akarere gatuwe cyane muri Florida, icupa rya pulasitiki 1 gusa kuri 100 ni ryo risubijwemo. Muri rusange, igipimo cyo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho muri Amerika cyari munsi ya 30% mu myaka 20 ishize, inyuma cyane y’ibindi bihugu byinshi nka Lituwaniya (90%), Suwede (86%) na Megizike (53%). Elizabeth Barkan, umuyobozi w’ibikorwa bya Amerika y’Amajyaruguru muri Reloop Platform, umuryango udaharanira inyungu urwanya ihumana ry’ibipfunyika.
Iyi myanda yose ni amahirwe menshi yabuze ku bijyanye n'ikirere. Iyo amacupa ya soda ya pulasitiki asubiwemo gukoreshwa, ahinduka ibikoresho bishya bitandukanye, birimo tapi, imyenda, ibikoresho byo koza, ndetse n'amacupa mashya ya soda. Dukurikije isesengura ryakozwe n'ikigo gishinzwe imyanda ikomeye cya Franklin Associates, amacupa ya PET akozwe muri pulasitiki yasubiwemo akora 40% gusa by'imyuka irinda ubushyuhe ikorwa n'amacupa akozwe muri pulasitiki idashaje.
Biboneye amahirwe yo kugabanya ikirenge cyabo, amasosiyete acuruza ibinyobwa bidasembuye yiyemeje gukoresha PET nyinshi zikoreshwa mu macupa yabo. Coca-Cola, Dr Pepper na Pepsi biyemeje gushaka kimwe cya kane cy'ibipfunyika byabo bya pulasitiki mu bikoresho bikoreshwa mu buryo bwa elegitoroniki bitarenze umwaka wa 2025, naho Coca-Cola na Pepsi biyemeje kugera kuri 50% bitarenze umwaka wa 2030. (Uyu munsi, Coca-Cola iri ku kigero cya 13.6%, Keurig Dr Pepper Inc. iri ku kigero cya 11% na PepsiCo iri ku kigero cya 6%).
Ariko amateka mabi y’igihugu yo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa pulasitiki bivuze ko nta macupa ahagije yabonetse kugira ngo amasosiyete acuruza ibinyobwa agere ku ntego zayo. NAPCOR ivuga ko igipimo cy’ibikorwa byo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa pulasitiki cyo muri Amerika kimaze igihe kirekire kigomba kwikuba kabiri bitarenze 2025 no kwikuba kabiri bitarenze 2030 kugira ngo hatangwe ibikoresho bihagije byo gukoresha mu nganda. “Ikintu cy’ingenzi cyane ni uko amacupa aboneka,” ibi byavuzwe na Alexandra Tennant, inzobere mu by’imikorere yo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa pulasitiki muri Wood Mackenzie Ltd.
Ariko inganda z'ibinyobwa bidasembuye ubwazo nizo zitera ibura ry'ibi. Inganda zimaze imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo zirwana cyane ku bitekerezo byo kongera kongera gukoresha ibikoresho byo mu macupa. Urugero, kuva mu 1971, leta 10 zashyizeho amategeko y'ibicuruzwa byo mu macupa yongeraho senti 5 cyangwa senti 10 ku bikoresho byo mu macupa. Abakiriya bishyura amafaranga y'inyongera mbere y'igihe bakabona amafaranga yabo iyo basubije icupa. Guha agaciro ibikoresho birimo ubusa bituma igipimo cyo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho byo mu macupa kizamuka: Nk'uko ikigo kidaharanira inyungu gishinzwe gukoresha ibikoresho byo mu macupa (Container Recycling Institute) kibitangaza, amacupa ya PET akoreshwa ku kigero cya 57% mu bihugu bikoresha amacupa rimwe na 17% mu bindi bihugu.
Nubwo bigaragara ko byagize icyo bigeraho, amasosiyete acuruza ibinyobwa yamaze imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo akorana n’izindi nganda, nk’amaduka y’ibiribwa n’abatwara imyanda, kugira ngo bahagarike ibitekerezo nk’ibyo mu zindi leta nyinshi, bavuga ko uburyo bwo kubitsa amafaranga ari igisubizo kidakora, kandi ko ari umusoro utari wo ubuza kugurisha ibicuruzwa byayo kandi ukabangamira ubukungu. Kuva Hawaii yatoye itegeko ryayo ryo gushyira mu macupa mu 2002, nta gitekerezo cya leta cyarokotse ihamwa nk’iryo. “Bibaha inshingano nshya rwose birinze muri izi leta 40 zindi,” ibi byavuzwe na Judith Enck, perezida wa Beyond Plastics akaba n’uwahoze ari umuyobozi w’ikigo gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije muri Amerika. “Ntabwo bashaka ikiguzi cy’inyongera.”
Coca-Cola, Pepsi na Dr. Pepper bose bavuze mu nyandiko ko bashishikajwe no guhanga udushya mu gupakira kugira ngo bagabanye imyanda no kongera gukoresha ibikoresho byinshi. Nubwo abayobozi b'inganda bemeza ko bamaze imyaka myinshi barwanya itegeko ryo gushyira mu macupa, bavuga ko bahinduye inzira kandi ko biteguye ibisubizo byose bishoboka kugira ngo bagere ku ntego zabo. “Turi gukorana n'abafatanyabikorwa mu kubungabunga ibidukikije n'abashingamategeko hirya no hino mu gihugu bemeranya ko uko ibintu bimeze bitakiri ngombwa kandi ko dushobora gukora neza kurushaho,” William DeMaudie, visi perezida ushinzwe ibibazo rusange muri American Beverage Industry Group, yavuze mu itangazo ryanditse rya Say.
Ariko, abashingamategeko benshi bakora kugira ngo bakemure ikibazo cy’imyanda ya pulasitiki ikomeje kwiyongera baracyahura n’ibibazo bivuye mu nganda zikora ibinyobwa. Sarah Love, uhagarariye Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ya Maryland, yagize ati: “Ibyo bavuga ni byo bavuga.” Aherutse gushyiraho itegeko rigamije guteza imbere kongera gukoresha ibikoresho byo kongeramo amafaranga mu macupa y’ibinyobwa, yongeraho amafaranga 10 ku isanduku.” Bari babyanze, ntibabyifuzaga. Ahubwo, basezeranye ko nta muntu uzabaryoza ibyo bakoze.”
Ku macupa ya pulasitiki agera kuri kimwe cya kane akoreshwa muri Amerika, agapfunyikwa mu macupa afatanye neza, buri rimwe ringana n'imodoka nto, maze rigashyirwa mu ruganda ruri i Vernon, muri Kaliforuniya, ni ikintu cy'ingenzi cyane. Intara z'inganda ziri ku birometero byinshi uvuye ku nyubako ndende zigaragara zo mu mujyi wa Los Angeles.
Aha, mu nyubako nini cyane ingana n'aho indege zihagarara, rPlanet Earth yakira amacupa ya PET yakoreshejwe agera kuri miliyari 2 buri mwaka aturutse muri gahunda zo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho mu gihugu hose. Mu rusaku rwinshi rw'amamoteri y'inganda, amacupa yarahindaga ubwo yagendaga anyura mu ntera ya kilometero 15 ku mikandara y'imodoka maze anyura mu nganda, aho yatondekwaga, agacibwa, akagezwaho agashongeshwa. Nyuma y'amasaha agera kuri 20, plastiki yasubijwemo yabonetse mu buryo bw'ibikombe bishya, ibikoresho byo mu bwoko bwa deli, cyangwa "ibikoresho byabanje gukoreshwa," ibikoresho bingana n'umuyoboro w'igerageza byaje guturitswa mu macupa ya pulasitiki.
Mu cyumba cy’inama kirimo tapi ireba hasi hanini kandi hatarimo ibintu byinshi, Umuyobozi Mukuru wa rPlanet Earth, Bob Daviduk, yavuze ko ikigo kigurisha ibikoresho byacyo bya mbere ku bigo bicukura amacupa, bikoreshwa n’ayo masosiyete mu gupakira ibinyobwa bikomeye. Ariko yanze kuvuga amazina y’abakiriya runaka, yise amakuru y’ubucuruzi y’ingenzi.
Kuva yatangiza uruganda mu 2019, David Duke yaganiriye ku mugaragaro ku cyifuzo cye cyo kubaka nibura izindi nganda eshatu zo kongera gukoresha pulasitiki ahandi muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Ariko buri ruganda rutwara hafi miliyoni 200 z'amadolari, kandi rPlanet Earth ntabwo irahitamo aho izashyira uruganda rwayo rutaha. Ikibazo gikomeye ni uko ibura ry'amacupa ya pulasitiki yongera gukoreshwa rituma bigorana kubona ibikoresho byizewe kandi bihendutse. Yagize ati: “Dukeneye ibikoresho byinshi.”
Imihigo y’inganda zikora ibinyobwa ishobora kunanirwa mbere yuko izindi nganda nyinshi zubakwa. Omar Abuaita, umuyobozi mukuru wa Evergreen Recycling, ikora inganda enye muri Amerika ya Ruguru, ihindura amacupa ya PET yakoreshejwe miliyari 11 buri mwaka mo resin ya pulasitiki ishobora kongera gukoreshwa, inyinshi muri zo zigashyirwa mu icupa rishya. “Ni hehe uvana ibikoresho fatizo ukeneye?”
Amacupa y'ibinyobwa bidasembuye ntabwo ari yo azagira ikibazo gikomeye cy'ikirere nk'uko bimeze ubu. Mu kinyejana gishize, abacuruza amacupa ya Coca-Cola ni bo batangije uburyo bwa mbere bwo kubitsa, bishyura isenti rimwe cyangwa abiri kuri buri icupa ry'ikirahure. Abakiriya basubizwa amafaranga yabo iyo basubije icupa mu iduka.
Mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1940, igipimo cy'amacupa y'ibinyobwa bidasembuye muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika cyari hejuru cyane kigera kuri 96%. Nk'uko bivugwa n'umuhanga mu by'amateka y'ibidukikije wa Kaminuza ya Ohio State, Bartow J. Elmore, igitabo cyanditswe na Citizen Coke, impuzandengo y'ingendo zo kugaruka ku icupa ry'ikirahure rya Coca-Cola kuva ku mucunga kugeza ku muguzi muri icyo myaka yari inshuro 22.
Ubwo Coca-Cola n'izindi nganda zikora ibinyobwa bidasembuye zatangiraga guhindura amacupa y'icyuma n'ay'aluminium mu myaka ya 1960—ndetse na nyuma yaho, amacupa ya pulasitiki, ari yo akunze kugaragara muri iki gihe—icyorezo cy'imyanda cyavuyemo cyateje imvururu. Mu myaka myinshi, abakangurambaga basabye abaguzi kohereza amacupa yabo ya soda arimo ubusa ku muyobozi wa Coca-Cola bababwira bati “Byongere ubigarure ubikoreshe!”
Amasosiyete acuruza ibinyobwa yarwanyije akoresheje igitabo cy’imikino cyazaba icyayo mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo iri imbere. Aho kugira ngo bafate inshingano ku myanda myinshi iva mu kwimuka bajya mu bikoresho bikoreshwa rimwe, bakoze cyane kugira ngo bagaragaze ko ari inshingano z’abaturage. Urugero, Coca-Cola yatangije ubukangurambaga bwo kwamamaza mu ntangiriro z’imyaka ya 1970 bwagaragazaga umukobwa mwiza cyane yunamye kugira ngo afate imyanda. “Iyunamire gato,” kimwe mu byapa nk’ibyo byanditseho amagambo y’inyuguti zitose cyasabye. “Komeza Amerika igire ibidukikije kandi isukuye.”
Inganda zahuje ubwo butumwa n'impaka ku itegeko rigerageza gukemura urujijo rwari rukomeje kwiyongera. Mu 1970, abatora muri leta ya Washington hafi ya bose bashyizeho itegeko ribuza amacupa adasubizwa, ariko batsinzwe amajwi yabo kubera ko abakora ibinyobwa batavugaga rumwe na we. Nyuma y'umwaka umwe, Oregon yashyizeho itegeko rya mbere ry'amacupa mu gihugu, yongera amafaranga y'icupa rya 5 cent, maze umushinjacyaha mukuru wa leta atungurwa n'akajagari ka politiki: “Sinigeze mbona inyungu nyinshi nk'izi zirwanya igitutu kinini cy'umuntu umwe. Imishinga y'amategeko,” yavuze.
Mu 1990, Coca-Cola yatangaje umuhigo wa mbere mu myinshi ikigo cy’ibinyobwa cyashyizeho wo kongera ikoreshwa rya pulasitiki ishobora kongera gukoreshwa mu bikoresho byayo, mu gihe hari impungenge zikomeje kwiyongera ku bijyanye n’imyanda yamenetse mu myanda. Yiyemeje kugurisha amacupa akozwe mu bikoresho bishobora kongera gukoreshwa ku kigero cya 25% - umubare nk’uwo yahize uyu munsi, kandi ikigo cy’ibinyobwa bidasembuye ubu kivuga ko kizagera kuri uwo mugambi bitarenze umwaka wa 2025, nyuma y’imyaka 35 ugereranije n’uwo Coca-Cola yari ifite.
Iyi sosiyete ikora ibinyobwa yagiye isezeranya ibintu bishya bitaragerwaho buri myaka mike nyuma y’uko Coca-Cola inaniwe kugera ku ntego zayo za mbere, ivuga ko ikiguzi cya pulasitiki yasubiwemo kiri hejuru. Coca-Cola yiyemeje mu 2007 kongera gukoresha 100% by'amacupa yayo ya PET muri Amerika, mu gihe PepsiCo yavuze mu 2010 ko izongera igipimo cyo kongera gukoresha amacupa y'ibinyobwa muri Amerika kikagera kuri 50% bitarenze 2018. Intego zahumurije abaharanira uburenganzira bw'abakoresha ibinyobwa kandi zigatangazwa neza n'itangazamakuru, ariko nk'uko NAPCOR ibivuga, igipimo cyo kongera gukoresha amacupa ya PET cyaragabanutse gato, kiva kuri 24.6% mu 2007 kikagera kuri 29.1% mu 2010 kikagera kuri 26.6% mu 2020. “Kimwe mu bintu bakora neza mu kongera gukoresha ibinyobwa ni itangazo rigenewe abanyamakuru,” ibi byavuzwe na Susan Collins, umuyobozi w’ikigo gishinzwe kongera gukoresha amacupa ya Container.
Abayobozi ba Coca-Cola bavuze mu itangazo ryanditse ko ikosa ryabo rya mbere "riduha amahirwe yo kwiga" kandi ko bafite icyizere cyo kugera ku ntego z'ejo hazaza. Itsinda ryabo rishinzwe gutanga amasoko ubu ririmo gukora "inama y'igenamigambi" kugira ngo basesengure itangwa ry'ama-PET asubijwe ku isi, bavuga ko bizabafasha gusobanukirwa imbogamizi no gutegura gahunda. PepsiCo ntiyasubije ibibazo ku masezerano yayo yari atarasohora mbere, ariko abayobozi bavuze mu itangazo ryanditse ko "izakomeza guteza imbere udushya mu gupakira no gushyigikira politiki nziza zituma habaho uruziga no kugabanya imyanda."
Imyivumbagatanyo imaze imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo mu nganda zikora ibinyobwa isa nkaho yiteguye gucika mu 2019. Mu gihe amasosiyete acuruza ibinyobwa bidasembuye yishyiriyeho intego zikomeye zo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere, ntibishoboka kwirengagiza imyuka ihumanya ituruka ku gukoresha cyane plastiki idasembuye. Mu itangazo ryashyikirije ikinyamakuru The New York Times muri uwo mwaka, American Beverages yavuze bwa mbere ko ishobora kuba yiteguye gushyigikira politiki yo gushyira amafaranga ku bikoresho.
Nyuma y'amezi make, Katherine Lugar, Umuyobozi Mukuru wa American Beverages, yavuze ijambo rye mu nama y’inganda zikora ibinyobwa, atangaza ko uru rwego rurimo guhagarika uburyo bwo kurwanya amategeko nk'ayo. Yagize ati: “Muzumva amajwi atandukanye cyane n'inganda zacu.” Nubwo barwanyije amategeko yo gushyira mu macupa mu macupa mu bihe byashize, yasobanuye ati: “Ntituzumva 'oya' rwose ubu.” Ibigo bicuruza ibinyobwa byishyiriyeho 'intego zikomeye' zo kugabanya ingaruka mbi ku bidukikije, bigomba kongera gukoresha amacupa menshi.” Yavuze ko byose bigomba kuba biri ku meza.
Nk’aho bashaka gushimangira uburyo bushya, abayobozi ba Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Dr. Pepper na American Beverage bahuriye ku rubyiniro rwashyizweho n’ibendera rya Amerika mu Ukwakira 2019. Aho batangaje "igishya" cyiswe "Every Bottle". Amasosiyete yiyemeje gutanga miliyoni 100 z'amadolari mu myaka icumi iri imbere mu kunoza uburyo bwo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho mu baturage muri Amerika. Ayo mafaranga azahuzwa n’inyongera ya miliyoni 300 z'amadolari azaturuka mu bashoramari bo hanze n’inkunga ya leta. Iyi nkunga ya "hafi miliyari imwe" y'amadolari y'Amerika" izongera miliyoni 80 z'amapawundi yo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho mu matungo maremare ku mwaka kandi ifashe ayo masosiyete kugabanya ikoreshwa ryabyo rya pulasitiki idakoreshwa.
American Beverage yasohoye itangazo rya televiziyo riri kumwe n’abakozi batatu b’abanyambaraga bambaye imyenda ya Coca-Cola, Pepsi na Dr. Pepper bahagaze muri pariki y’ibiti bitoshye ikikijwe n’amafi n’indabyo. Uyu mukozi wa Pepsi wari wishimye cyane yagize ati: “Amacupa yacu agenewe kuvugurura imikorere yayo,” yongeraho ko imvugo ye yibutsa ubutumwa bw’inshingano z’inganda ku bakiriya kuva kera: “Nyamuneka mudufashe kugarura buri macupa.” Iri tangazo ry’amasegonda 30, ryabanjirije Super Bowl y’umwaka ushize, kuva icyo gihe ryagaragaye inshuro 1.500 kuri televiziyo y’igihugu kandi ryatwaye hafi miliyoni 5 z’amadolari, nk’uko iSpot.tv, ikigo gipima amatangazo kuri televiziyo kibitangaza.
Nubwo imvugo ihinduka mu nganda, nta cyakozwe cyane kugira ngo hongerwe cyane ingano ya pulasitiki ishobora kongera gukoreshwa. Urugero, inganda zatanze inguzanyo n'inkunga bigera kuri miliyoni 7.9 z'amadolari kugeza ubu, nk'uko isesengura ryakozwe na Bloomberg Green ryagaragaje ko hari ibiganiro byagiranye n'abahabwa serivisi benshi.
Mu by’ukuri, abenshi muri aba bahawe iyi nkunga bashishikajwe n’iyi nkunga. Ubukangurambaga bwahaye Big Bear, muri Kaliforuniya, mu birometero 160 mu burasirazuba bwa Los Angeles inkunga y’amadolari 166.000, buyifasha kwishyura kimwe cya kane cy’ikiguzi cyo kuvugurura amazu 12.000 kugira ngo abe imodoka nini zikoreshwa mu kongera gukoresha ibikoresho. Mu ngo zikoresha izi modoka nini, igipimo cyo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho mu kongera gukoresha ibikoresho cyazamutseho hafi 50%, nk’uko Jon Zamorano, umuyobozi ushinzwe imyanda ikomeye muri Big Bear abivuga. “Byagize akamaro cyane.”
Iyo amasosiyete acuruza ibinyobwa bidasembuye azatanga miliyoni 100 z'amadolari mu gihe cy'imyaka icumi, yagombaga kuba yaratanze miliyoni 27 z'amadolari kugeza ubu. Ahubwo, miliyoni 7.9 z'amadolari zingana n'inyungu rusange z'amasosiyete atatu acuruza ibinyobwa bidasembuye mu masaha atatu.
Nubwo ubukangurambaga bwagera ku ntego yabwo yo kongera gukoresha PET miliyoni 80 z'amapawundi ku mwaka, buzongera igipimo cyo kongera gukoresha PET muri Amerika ku kigero kirenze kimwe ku ijana. “Niba koko bashaka kugaruza buri cupa, shyira amafaranga kuri buri cupa,” ibi ni ibyatangajwe na Judith Enck wo muri Beyond Plastics.
Ariko inganda z’ibinyobwa zikomeje kugorwa n’inyemezabuguzi nyinshi z’amacupa, nubwo ziherutse kuvuga ko zifunguye kuri izi ngamba. Kuva mu ijambo rya Lugar mu myaka ibiri n’igice ishize, inganda zatinze gutanga ibitekerezo muri leta zirimo Illinois, New York na Massachusetts. Umwaka ushize, umuvugizi w’inganda z’ibinyobwa yanditse mu bashingamategeko ba Rhode Island atekereza ku mushinga w’itegeko ku buryo inyemezabuguzi nyinshi z’amacupa “zidashobora gufatwa nk’izatsinze ukurikije ingaruka zabyo ku bidukikije.” (Iyi ni inenga riteye amakenga, kuko amacupa afite ingwate asubizwa inshuro zirenga eshatu kurusha adafite ingwate.)
Mu kindi kibazo cyanenzwe umwaka ushize, umuvugizi w’inganda zikora ibinyobwa muri Massachusetts yarwanyije icyifuzo cyo kongera amafaranga y’inyongera ya leta kuva kuri 5 cents (atari yahindutse kuva yashingwa mu myaka 40 ishize) kugeza kuri 100. Abahagarariye abashinzwe umutekano baburiye ko amafaranga menshi nk’ayo yangiza ibintu kuko ibihugu bituranye bifite amafaranga make yo kubitsa. Uku kutumvikana kwatera abakiriya kwambuka umupaka bakajya kugura ibinyobwa byabo, bigatera "ingaruka zikomeye ku bicuruzwa" ku bacuruzi bo mu macupa muri Massachusetts. (Ibyo ntibivuze ko inganda zikora ibinyobwa zafashije mu guteza iki cyuho gishoboka mu kurwanya ibitekerezo nk’ibyo byatanzwe n’abo baturanyi.)
Dermody of American Beverages irengera iterambere ry’inganda. Avuga ku bukangurambaga bwa Every Bottle Back, yagize ati: “Imihigo ya miliyoni 100 z’amadolari ni imwe twishimira cyane.” Yongeyeho ko bamaze kwiyemeza gukorana n’indi mijyi myinshi itaratangaza, kuko ayo masezerano ashobora gufata igihe kugira ngo arangire.” Hari igihe ugomba gukora byinshi muri iyi mishinga,” DeMaudie yagize ati. Iyo ushyizemo aba bahawe iyi mishinga batatangajwe, biyemeje gutanga miliyoni 14.3 z’amadolari ku mishinga 22 kugeza ubu, nk’uko yabitangaje.
Muri icyo gihe, Dermody yasobanuye ko inganda zitazashyigikira gusa uburyo ubwo aribwo bwose bwo kubitsa; zigomba kuba zikozwe neza kandi zorohereza abaguzi. Yagize ati: “Ntiturwanya kwishyuza amafaranga ku macupa yacu n’amacupa kugira ngo dutere inkunga uburyo bwiza bwo kubikuza.” Ariko amafaranga agomba kujya muri gahunda ikora neza kugira ngo buri wese agere ku gipimo cyo kugaruza amafaranga.”
Urugero rukunze gutangwa na Dermody n'abandi mu nganda ni gahunda yo kubitsa amafaranga ya Oregon, yahindutse cyane kuva yashingwa mu myaka mirongo itanu ishize nubwo inganda zikora ibinyobwa zarwanyije. Iyi gahunda ubu iterwa inkunga kandi iyoborwa n'abacuruza ibinyobwa - American Beverage ivuga ko ishyigikiye ubu buryo - kandi imaze kugera ku gipimo cyo kuzamuka cya hafi 90%, hafi y'abakomeye mu gihugu.
Ariko impamvu ikomeye ituma Oregon yiyongera cyane ni uko iyi gahunda ya 10 cents de consolidation, ifitanye isano na Michigan ku rwego runini mu gihugu. American Beverage ntabwo iragaragaza ko ishyigikiye ibitekerezo byo gushyiraho 10 cents de consolidation ahandi, harimo n'iyakozwe hakurikijwe uburyo bwo gukurura inganda.
Urugero, umushinga w’itegeko rya leta rigenga ikoreshwa ry’ibinyobwa mu macupa uri mu itegeko ryo gusohoka mu icupa rya pulasitiki, ryatanzwe n’uhagarariye California Alan Lowenthal na Senateri wa Oregon Jeff Merkley. Iri tegeko rikurikiza ishema rya Oregon, harimo ingwate ya 10% ku macupa mu gihe amasosiyete yigenga ayobora gahunda yo kuyakusanya. Nubwo Dermody yavuze ko inganda z’ibinyobwa zirimo kwegera abashingamategeko, ntabwo yashyigikiye iyi ngamba.
Ku bashoramari bake ba pulasitiki bahindura amacupa ashaje ya PET bakayahindura mashya, iki gisubizo ni igisubizo gisobanutse. David Duke wo muri rPlanet Earth yavuze ko amafaranga abitswe mu gihugu angana na 10% kuri buri icupa azaba akubye hafi inshuro eshatu umubare w'amacupa asubirwamo. Ubwiyongere bunini bwa pulasitiki isubirwamo buzatuma inganda nyinshi zisubiramo ziterwa inkunga kandi zubakwa. Izi nganda zizakora amacupa akenewe cyane akozwe muri pulasitiki isubirwamo - bigatuma ibinyobwa binini bigabanya ubwiyongere bwa karuboni.
“Ntabwo bigoye,” David Duke yaravuze, ava hasi mu ruganda runini rwo kongera gukoresha ibikoresho hanze ya Los Angeles. “Ugomba guha agaciro izi kontineri.”