Graphite ni allotrope ya karubone yibanze, aho buri atome ya karubone izengurutswe nandi atome atatu ya karubone (itondekanye mubuki nkubushushanyo hamwe na hexagons nyinshi) bihujwe hamwe kugirango bibe molekile ya covalent.

Igishushanyo gifite imiterere yihariye ikurikira kubera imiterere yihariye:

1) Kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi: Ingingo yo gushonga ya grafite ni 3850 ± 50 ℃, naho ingingo itetse ni 4250 ℃.Ndetse na nyuma yo gutwikwa nubushyuhe bukabije bwa arc, gutakaza ibiro ni bito cyane, kandi coefficient yo kwagura ubushyuhe nayo ni nto cyane.Imbaraga za grafite ziyongera hamwe nubushyuhe, no kuri 2000 ℃, imbaraga za grafite zikubye kabiri.

2) Umuyoboro nubushyuhe bwumuriro: Ubukorikori bwa grafite burenze inshuro ijana kurenza iy'amabuye y'agaciro muri rusange.Ubushyuhe bwumuriro burenze ubwibyuma nkibyuma, ibyuma, na gurş.Ubushyuhe bwumuriro bugabanuka hamwe nubushyuhe bwiyongera, ndetse no mubushuhe bukabije, grafite iba insulator.Graphite irashobora gukoresha amashanyarazi kubera ko buri atome ya karubone muri grafite ikora gusa imigozi itatu ya covalent hamwe nandi atome ya karubone, kandi buri atome ya karubone iracyafite electron imwe yubusa kugirango yishyure amafaranga.

3) Amavuta: Gukora amavuta ya grafite biterwa nubunini bwa flake ya grafite.Ninini ya flake, ntoya ya coefficient de fraisse, nuburyo bwiza bwo gusiga.

4) Imiti ihamye: Graphite ifite imiti ihamye yubushyuhe bwicyumba, kandi irashobora kwihanganira aside, alkali, hamwe na ruswa yangirika.

5) Plastike: Graphite ifite ubukana bwiza kandi irashobora kuba hasi mumpapuro zoroshye.

6) Kurwanya ubushyuhe bwumuriro: Graphite irashobora kwihanganira ihinduka ryubushyuhe bukabije nta byangiritse iyo bikoreshejwe mubushyuhe bwicyumba.Iyo ubushyuhe buhindutse gitunguranye, ingano ya grafite ntabwo ihinduka cyane kandi ntizacika.

Ikoreshwa:
1. Ikoreshwa nkibikoresho byangiritse: Graphite nibicuruzwa byayo bifite imiterere yo kurwanya ubushyuhe bwinshi nimbaraga nyinshi.Zikoreshwa cyane cyane munganda zibyuma kugirango zikore umusaraba wa grafite.Mu gukora ibyuma, grafite ikoreshwa muburyo bwo gukingira ibyuma kandi nkumurongo witanura ryuma.

2. Nkibikoresho byayobora: bikoreshwa munganda zamashanyarazi mugukora electrode, guswera, inkoni ya karubone, imiyoboro ya karubone, electrode nziza yo gukosora mercure, gasketi ya grafite, ibice bya terefone, gutwikira imiyoboro ya tereviziyo, nibindi.

3. Nkibikoresho byo kwisiga bidashobora kwambara: Graphite ikoreshwa nkamavuta munganda.Amavuta yo gusiga akenshi ntashobora gukoreshwa mumuvuduko mwinshi, ubushyuhe bwinshi, hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru, mugihe ibikoresho birwanya kwambara bya grafite birashobora gukora nta mavuta yo kwisiga kumuvuduko mwinshi ku bushyuhe bwa 200-2000 ℃.Ibikoresho byinshi bitwara itangazamakuru ryangirika bifashisha cyane ibikoresho bya grafite mugukora ibikombe bya piston, impeta zifunga, hamwe na podiyumu, bidasaba kongeramo amavuta yo gusiga mugihe cyo gukora.Graphite emulsion nayo ni amavuta meza yo gutunganya ibyuma byinshi (gushushanya insinga, gushushanya tube).
4. Graphite ifite imiti ihamye.Grafite itunganijwe cyane, hamwe nibiranga nko kurwanya ruswa, itwara neza yumuriro, hamwe nubushobozi buke, ikoreshwa cyane mugukora ibicuruzwa bihinduranya ubushyuhe, ibigega byitwara neza, kondereseri, iminara yaka, iminara yo kwinjiza, gukonjesha, gushyushya, gushungura, nibikoresho bya pompe.Ikoreshwa cyane mu nganda nka peteroli, hydrometallurgie, umusaruro-fatizo wa aside, fibre synthique, hamwe no gukora impapuro, irashobora kuzigama ibikoresho byinshi byibyuma.

Ubwoko butandukanye bwa grafite butandukana muburyo bwo kurwanya ruswa bitewe nubutaka butandukanye burimo.Imisemburo ya fenolike irwanya aside ariko ntabwo irwanya alkali;Inzoga ya Furfuryl resin yinjiza ni aside na alkali irwanya.Kurwanya ubushyuhe bwubwoko butandukanye nabwo buratandukanye: karubone na grafite birashobora kwihanganira 2000-3000 ℃ mukirere kigabanuka, hanyuma bigatangira okiside kuri 350 ℃ na 400 ℃ mukirere cya okiside;Ubwoko bwa grafite butemewe butandukana nibintu byinjira, kandi muri rusange birinda ubushyuhe munsi ya 180 ℃ byatewe ninzoga ya fenolike cyangwa furfuryl.

5. Yifashishwa mu guta, guhinduranya umucanga, kubumba, hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwubushyuhe bwo hejuru: Bitewe na coefficente ntoya yo kwagura ubushyuhe bwa grafite nubushobozi bwayo bwo guhangana nimpinduka mugukonjesha byihuse no gushyushya, birashobora gukoreshwa nkibumba ryibikoresho byibirahure.Nyuma yo gukoresha grafite, icyuma cyirabura gishobora kubona casting zifite ibipimo nyabyo, ubuso bworoshye, numusaruro mwinshi.Irashobora gukoreshwa idatunganijwe cyangwa itunganijwe gato, bityo ikabika ibyuma byinshi.Ifu ya metallurgie yuburyo nko kubyara ibinyomoro mubisanzwe ukoresha ibikoresho bya grafite kugirango ukore ubwato bwa ceramic bwo gukanda no gucumura.Gukura kwa kristu gukomeye, gutunganyiriza uturere, gushyigikira ibikoresho, gushyushya induction, nibindi bya silicon ya monocrystalline byose bitunganyirizwa muri grafite yuzuye.Byongeye kandi, grafite irashobora kandi gukoreshwa nkikibaho cyo gushushanya cya grafite hamwe nishingiro ryo gushonga vacuum, hamwe nibigize nkibikoresho byo mu ziko ry’ubushyuhe bwo hejuru cyane, inkoni, amasahani, hamwe na gride.

6. Ikoreshwa mu nganda zingufu za atome ninganda zokwirwanaho zigihugu: Graphite ifite moderi nziza ya neutron ikoreshwa mumashanyarazi ya atome, na reaktori ya uranium ni ubwoko bukoreshwa cyane mubyuma bya atome.Ibikoresho byihuta bikoreshwa mumashanyarazi ya atome kububasha bigomba kugira aho bishonga cyane, bihamye, hamwe no kurwanya ruswa, kandi grafite irashobora kuzuza byuzuye ibisabwa haruguru.Ibisabwa byera kuri grafite ikoreshwa muri reaction ya atome ni ndende cyane, kandi ibirimo umwanda ntibigomba kurenza PPMs.Cyane cyane, ibirimo boron bigomba kuba munsi ya 0.5PPM.Mu nganda z’igihugu zirwanira mu kirere, grafite nayo ikoreshwa mu gukora urusaku rwa roketi zikomeye za peteroli, imiyoboro yizuru ya misile, ibice by’ibikoresho bigendagenda mu kirere, ibikoresho byo kubika, hamwe n’ibikoresho birwanya imirasire.

7. Graphite irashobora kandi gukumira igipimo cyo guteka.Ibizamini bifatika byerekanye ko kongeramo ingano yifu ya grafite (hafi garama 4-5 kuri toni yamazi) mumazi bishobora gukumira hejuru yubushyuhe.Byongeye kandi, igicapo cya grafite kuri chimney yicyuma, ibisenge, ibiraro, hamwe nimiyoboro irashobora gukumira ruswa.

Graphite irashobora gukoreshwa nkikaramu yerekana ikaramu, pigment, hamwe nu mashanyarazi.Nyuma yo gutunganywa bidasanzwe, grafite irashobora gukoreshwa mugukora ibikoresho bitandukanye bitandukanye byinganda zinganda.